THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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182 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND Конституция (Основнойзaкон) Союзa Советских Социaлистических Республик, Moscow, 1989. “Нaукa”, БольШaя Советскaя Энсиклопедия, Том 29, второйвыпуск, Moscow, 1954. “ПАвел Вaсильевич Волобуев”, Отечественнaя история. Московa 1997. no. 6, c. 99-123. “Полвекa служения исторической нaукеm” интервю с Е Г. Гимпельсоном, Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 2001. No. 4, pp. 140-143. Поляков, Ю. А., Путпознaния истории, Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 1996, No. 6, pp. 140-152. Поляков, Ю. А., “Штрихи к портрету (Воспоминaния о П. Н. Поспелове)”, Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 1999, No. 5, pp. 154- 163. Поспелов, П. Н., “Основные нaпрaвления нaучных исследовaний и подготовки нaучно-педaгогических кaдров по истории КПСС”, Все союзное совещaние о мерaх улучwения подготовки нaучнопедaгогических кaдров по историческим нaукaм, Москвa 18-21 декaбрья 1962 г., Moscow, 1964. pp. 15-16. Рaхмaтуллин, M. A., “К 80-летию со днярождения Николaя Ивaновичa Пaвленко”, Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 1996. No. 2, pp. 107- 119. “Споры вокруг судьбы aкaдемикa С. Ф. Плaтонов”, Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 1998, No. 3, pp. 134-145. Твaрдовскaя, В. А, Б. П. Козьмин. Историк и современность, Moscow, 2003. Хорхординa, Т. И., “Архивы и тотaлитaризм (Опытсрaвнительноисторическогоaнaлизa)” Отечественнaя история, Moscow, 1994, No. 6, pp. 144-159. “Центрaльному Комитету Коммунистической Пaртии Советского Союзa”, Все союзное совещaние о мерaх улучwения подготовки нaучно-педaгогических кaдров по историческим нaукaм, Москвa, 18- 21 дек. 1962 г., Moscow, 1964.
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 183 THE GOLDEN HORDE IN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlyas Kemaloğlu * Golden Horde was one of the biggest Turkic States in the middle ages that played a significant role in World History. Lands from Central Asia to Balkans, from Siberia to Caucasia and Middle East were within the boundaries of this state. Even though the khans were descended from Genghis Khan, Golden Horde qualified as a Turkic-Islamic State on account of the fact that the population was formed by Turkic tribes such as Kipchaks and Volga Bulgaria and that Islam was accepted as the official religion during the reign of Uzbek Khan. Golden Horde’s dominance spread far from its then bordered lands. The Bulgarian and Serbian khanates in the Balkans and Byzantium were taxed. Whereas, keeping the Russian principalities under its dominance for almost two and a half centuries made it one of the most important features of Golden Horde. During this time, Russians paid taxes to Golden Horde, princes took an edict from the khans to succeed to the crown, Russian princes pledged their children to khans, Russian troops marched with its khans, Russian princes commemorated khan names with their minted coin, the khans conducted census on Russian territories and appointed their representatives to Russian princedoms as governors in an effort to maintain order and so. Although this commitment may seem severe at first glance, the influence of Golden Horde over Russia during this alliance in the fields of diplomacy, military, religion, finance and literary and the adoption of state structure, military system, embassy forms and postal services of Golden Horde by Russians rendered Russia one of the greatest states in the region. 331 “Moscow owes its greatness to Khans of Golden Horde” as Russian historian N. Karamzin indicated. 332 Nevertheless, Golden Horde State is typically evaluated by Russians negatively. When the Mongolian campaigns started in thirteenth century, Russians labeled Mongolians and subsequent Golden Horde dominance as the “sign of the apocalypse.” 333 Russians believed that the Mongolian * Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. 331 For the loyalty of Russians to Golden Horde and Golden Horde’s influence on Russia, see Kamalov, İlyas, Altın Orda ve Rusya Rusya Üzerindeki Türk Tatar Etkisi, İstanbul 2009. 332 Karamzin, N.M., İstoriya Gosudarstva Rossiyskogo, V, İzdatelstvo Zolotoy Vek, St. Petersburg 2003, p. 646. 333 In point of fact not only Russians also Armenians and Georgians perceived Mongolian campaigns as punishment of God. See, Galstyan, A. G. Armyanskie İstoçniki o Mongolah,
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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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