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MERCURY 242 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and effects, a number of potentially influential factors not fully considered as possible covariates somewhat cloud the interpretation of the results. These differences between the neuropsychological effects observed in the Faroe Island cohort and the absence of effects reported in the Seychelles Island cohort might result from a variety of factors. The Faroe Island children were older (7–8 years versus 5.5 in the SCDS). Some of the measurement instruments (i.e., the neuropsychological test administered) were also different. Since the first neuropsychological testing in the Faroe study was not conducted until 7 years of age, it is not known whether the observed effects might have been apparent at an earlier age. Ongoing and planned future testing of the Seychelles population will provide additional information on the progression of any observed effects. Further examination of the Seychelles population using the neuropsychological test that showed positive results in the Faroe Island population will also allow a more direct comparison of results. The diet in the two studies was also considerably different. The majority of the mercury exposure to the Faroe Island population came from whale meat (estimated at about 3 ppm in muscle tissue) with a relatively small portion coming from fish. Some of the mercury in whale meat is in the form of inorganic mercury. In the Seychelles study, all of the mercury came from fish as methylmercury with concentrations of around 0.3 ppm. Whale meat blubber is widely consumed in the Faroe Islands and also contains polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Grandjean et al. (1995b) estimated a daily intake of 200 µg of PCB. This value can be compared to the Tolerable Daily Intake of PCBs established by the FDA of 60–70 µg/day for an adult. Further statistical analysis of the possible influence of PCBs on the observed study results needs to be conducted (see the discussion below on Peer Panel 1Review of Key Studies for additional comments). The primary biomarker used to estimate mercury exposure was also different in the two studies. The Faroe Island analysis used cord blood, and the Seychelles study used maternal hair level. The use of mercury in cord blood has the advantage of being a more direct measure of exposure to the fetus, but the levels at term may not reflect exposures at earlier developmental stages. While Grandjean et al. (1997) did report maternal hair mercury levels, the mean hair level for the interquartile range of 2.6–7.7 ppm was reported only as a geometric average (4.27 ppm). In contrast, the Seychelles study reported only an arithmetic mean level for the entire study population (6.8 ppm). While both are valid measures, a direct comparison of “average” values for the two studies is not possible without further statistical analysis of both data sets.
MERCURY 243 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In the case of the Faroe study, no data were presented in the peer-reviewed publications to address variability of food/whale meat or blubber intake among the Faroe Islanders, making it difficult to evaluate the possibility of peak intake levels during critical development phases. Consumption data were reported only as
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MERCURY U
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MERCURY UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicolo
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MERCURY Managing Hazardous Material
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MERCURY PEER REVIEW A peer review p
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MERCURY 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure .....
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MERCURY xvi APPENDICES B. ATSDR MIN
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MERCURY LIST OF TABLES 2-1 Levels o
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MERCURY 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
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MERCURY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS This prof
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS bronchiti
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 39-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS effects o
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MERCURY Gastrointestinal Effects 2.
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS home as a
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MERCURY Renal Effects 2. HEALTH EFF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathologi
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MERCURY Ocular Effects 2. HEALTH EF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the T-cel
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In case r
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 27-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The TWA m
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reversibl
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MERCURY 2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effect
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MERCURY 2.2.1.6 Developmental Effec
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acquiring
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS control s
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS compounds
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MERCURY 105 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 107 2. HEALTH EFFECTS diffe
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MERCURY 109 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 111 Musculoskeletal Effects
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MERCURY 113 Renal Effects 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 115 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (dila
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MERCURY 117 2. HEALTH EFFECTS glome
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MERCURY 119 Dermal Effects 2. HEALT
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MERCURY 121 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The o
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MERCURY 123 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Organ
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MERCURY 125 2. HEALTH EFFECTS forge
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MERCURY 127 2. HEALTH EFFECTS occur
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MERCURY 129 2. HEALTH EFFECTS hypot
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MERCURY 131 2. HEALTH EFFECTS any e
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MERCURY 133 2. HEALTH EFFECTS in th
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MERCURY 135 2. HEALTH EFFECTS paral
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MERCURY 137 2. HEALTH EFFECTS as lo
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MERCURY 139 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pregn
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MERCURY 141 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysar
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MERCURY 143 2. HEALTH EFFECTS >12 p
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MERCURY 145 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tempo
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MERCURY 147 2. HEALTH EFFECTS less
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MERCURY 149 2. HEALTH EFFECTS admin
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MERCURY 151 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Hg/kg
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MERCURY 153 2. HEALTH EFFECTS incre
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MERCURY 155 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is li
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MERCURY 157 2. HEALTH EFFECTS ulcer
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MERCURY 159 2. HEALTH EFFECTS patie
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MERCURY 161 2. HEALTH EFFECTS No st
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MERCURY 163 2.3.1.1 Inhalation Expo
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MERCURY 165 2. HEALTH EFFECTS was m
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MERCURY 167 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (1 mg
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MERCURY 169 2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure
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MERCURY 171 2. HEALTH EFFECTS decli
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MERCURY 173 2. HEALTH EFFECTS prima
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MERCURY 175 2. HEALTH EFFECTS follo
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MERCURY 177 2. HEALTH EFFECTS methy
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MERCURY 179 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 181 2. HEALTH EFFECTS side
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MERCURY 183 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathw
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MERCURY 185 2.3.4 Elimination and E
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MERCURY 188 2. HEALTH EFFECTS worke
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MERCURY 190 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowla
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MERCURY 292 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Cance
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MERCURY 294 2. HEALTH EFFECTS numbe
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MERCURY 296 2. HEALTH EFFECTS of in
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MERCURY 298 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Studi
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MERCURY 300 2. HEALTH EFFECTS or ot
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MERCURY 302 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Wheth
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MERCURY 304 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 306 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appar
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MERCURY 308 2. HEALTH EFFECTS most
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MERCURY 310 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Conce
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MERCURY 312 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 314 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 5-10%
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MERCURY 316 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Japan
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MERCURY 320 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysfu
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MERCURY 322 2. HEALTH EFFECTS mercu
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MERCURY 324 2. HEALTH EFFECTS selen
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MERCURY 326 2. HEALTH EFFECTS at do
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MERCURY 328 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Proba
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MERCURY 330 2. HEALTH EFFECTS parti
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MERCURY 332 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is me
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MERCURY 334 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.10.
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MERCURY 340 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Infor
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MERCURY 342 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 344 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chron
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MERCURY 346 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Repro
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MERCURY 350 2. HEALTH EFFECTS corre
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MERCURY 352 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In ge
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MERCURY 356 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 363 3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY 3
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MERCURY 374 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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MERCURY 380 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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MERCURY 396 5.2.3 Soil 5. POTENTIAL
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MERCURY 487 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 492 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS (
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MERCURY 494 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS S
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MERCURY 503 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS w
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MERCURY 505 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 509 7. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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MERCURY 525 8. REFERENCES *Abbas MN
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MERCURY 527 8. REFERENCES *Allard B
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MERCURY 529 8. REFERENCES *Aten J,
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MERCURY 531 8. REFERENCES *Barnes D
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MERCURY 533 8. REFERENCES *Berlin M
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MERCURY 535 8. REFERENCES *Bloom NS
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MERCURY 537 8. REFERENCES *Bullock
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MERCURY 539 8. REFERENCES *Castedo
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MERCURY 541 8. REFERENCES *Christie
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MERCURY 543 8. REFERENCES *Cordier
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MERCURY 545 8. REFERENCES *DeBont B
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MERCURY 547 8. REFERENCES *Dutczak
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MERCURY 549 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 198
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MERCURY 551 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 199
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MERCURY 553 8. REFERENCES *Erfurth
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MERCURY 555 8. REFERENCES *Fleming
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MERCURY 557 8. REFERENCES *Ganser A
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MERCURY 559 8. REFERENCES *Goldman
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MERCURY 561 8. REFERENCES *Gutenman
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MERCURY 563 8. REFERENCES *Hill W.
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MERCURY 565 8. REFERENCES *IARC 199
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MERCURY 567 8. REFERENCES *Jokstad
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MERCURY 569 8. REFERENCES *King G.
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MERCURY 571 8. REFERENCES *Lauwerys
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MERCURY 573 8. REFERENCES *Lindqvis
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MERCURY 575 8. REFERENCES *Lytle TF
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MERCURY 577 8. REFERENCES *Matsumot
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MERCURY 579 8. REFERENCES Mishonova
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MERCURY 581 8. REFERENCES *Naganuma
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MERCURY 585 8. REFERENCES *Odukoya
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MERCURY 587 8. REFERENCES *Pelletie
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MERCURY 589 8. REFERENCES *Prouvost
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MERCURY 591 8. REFERENCES *Rice DC.
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MERCURY 593 8. REFERENCES *Sager PR
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MERCURY 595 8. REFERENCES *Sedman R
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MERCURY 597 8. REFERENCES *Skare I,
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MERCURY 599 8. REFERENCES *Stutz DR
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MERCURY 601 8. REFERENCES *Thomas D
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MERCURY 603 8. REFERENCES *Van der
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MERCURY 605 8. REFERENCES *Warfving
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MERCURY 611 9. GLOSSARY Absorption
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MERCURY 613 9. GLOSSARY Incidence
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MERCURY 615 9. GLOSSARY Physiologic
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MERCURY 617 9. GLOSSARY Uncertainty
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MERCURY A-2 APPENDIX A MRLs are int
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MERCURY A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conver
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MERCURY A-6 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-8 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-10 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RIS
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MERCURY A-12 Converting blood conce
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MERCURY A-14 APPENDIX A dose in the
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MERCURY A-16 APPENDIX A possibility
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MERCURY A-18 APPENDIX A Seychelles
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MERCURY A-20 APPENDIX A panel that
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MERCURY A-22 APPENDIX A fish-eating
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MERCURY A-24 APPENDIX A pharmacokin
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MERCURY B-2 APPENDIX B (2) Exposure
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1 SAMPLE 6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Sig
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MERCURY B-7 APPENDIX B To derive an
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MERCURY C-2 APPENDIX C ECD electron
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MERCURY C-4 APPENDIX C PAH Polycycl
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