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MERCURY 424 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE possibly as a result of the increased bioavailability of organic mercury produced by aquatic microorganisms, whereas inorganic mercury was the predominant form at the source (Parks et al. 1991). Typical mercury concentrations in large carnivorous freshwater fish (e.g., pike) and large marine fish (e.g., swordfish, shark, and tuna) have been found to exceed 1 µg/g (ppm) (EPA 1984b; Fairey et al. 1997; FDA 1998; Hellou et al. 1992; Hueter et al. 1995), with mercury content again being positively correlated with the age of the fish (Gutenmann et al. 1992; Hueter et al. 1995). Methylmercury concentrations in muscle tissue of 9 species of sharks were analyzed from 4 locations off Florida (Hueter et al. 1995). Muscle tissue methylmercury concentration averaged 0.88 µg/g (ppm) (wet weight) and ranged from 0.06 to 2.87 µg/g (ppm), with 33.1% of the samples exceeding the FDA action level (1 ppm). A positive correlation between methylmercury and shark body length (size) also was found, such that sharks larger than 200 cm in total length contained methylmercury concentrations >1 ppm. Sharks collected off the southern and southwestern coastal areas contained significantly higher concentrations than those caught in the northeast coastal region (Cape Canaveral and north). Methylmercury concentrations were highest in the Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi). The two most abundant shark species in the U.S. East Coast commercial shark fishery, sandbar (C. plumbeus) and blacktip (C. limbatus) sharks, are of special concern with respect to human health. Although the mean concentration of methylmercury in the sandbar shark (0.77 µg/g) was below the average for all sharks, sandbar shark tissues contained up to 2.87 ppm methylmercury, and 20.9% of the samples exceeded the FDA action level of 1 ppm. A total of 71.4% of the blacktip shark samples (mean, 1.3 µg/g) exceeded the FDA action level. The authors suggest that continued monitoring of methylmercury concentrations in various sharks species in the commercial marketplace is warranted. In a recent study of sportfish collected in San Francisco Bay, Fairey et al. (1997) reported that the highest concentrations of mercury were detected in leopard shark muscle tissue (1.26 ppm). Bluefin tuna caught in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean in 1990 contained mercury at a mean muscle concentration of 3.41 µg/g (ppm) dry weight (Hellou et al. 1992). As part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Status and Trends Program conducted from 1984 to 1987, mercury concentrations were analyzed in four marine bivalve species in U.S. coastal waters (NOAA 1987). Mercury concentrations in bivalve tissues ranged from 0.01 to 0.48 µg/g (ppm) dry weight in oysters (Crassostrea virginica), 0.28 to 0.41 µg/g (ppm) in the Hawaiian oyster (Ostrea sandwichensis), 0.05 to 0.47 µg/g (ppm) in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and 0.04 to
MERCURY 425 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE 0.26 µg/g (ppm) in the California mussel (Mytilus californianus). Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected around the Gulf of Mexico between 1986 and 1989 had mercury concentrations ranging from
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MERCURY U
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MERCURY UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicolo
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MERCURY Managing Hazardous Material
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MERCURY PEER REVIEW A peer review p
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MERCURY 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure .....
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MERCURY xvi APPENDICES B. ATSDR MIN
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MERCURY LIST OF TABLES 2-1 Levels o
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MERCURY 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
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MERCURY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS This prof
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS bronchiti
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 39-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS effects o
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MERCURY Gastrointestinal Effects 2.
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS home as a
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MERCURY Renal Effects 2. HEALTH EFF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathologi
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MERCURY Ocular Effects 2. HEALTH EF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the T-cel
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In case r
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 27-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The TWA m
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reversibl
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MERCURY 2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effect
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MERCURY 2.2.1.6 Developmental Effec
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acquiring
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS control s
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS compounds
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MERCURY 105 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 107 2. HEALTH EFFECTS diffe
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MERCURY 109 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 111 Musculoskeletal Effects
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MERCURY 113 Renal Effects 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 115 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (dila
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MERCURY 117 2. HEALTH EFFECTS glome
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MERCURY 119 Dermal Effects 2. HEALT
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MERCURY 121 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The o
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MERCURY 123 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Organ
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MERCURY 125 2. HEALTH EFFECTS forge
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MERCURY 127 2. HEALTH EFFECTS occur
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MERCURY 129 2. HEALTH EFFECTS hypot
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MERCURY 131 2. HEALTH EFFECTS any e
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MERCURY 133 2. HEALTH EFFECTS in th
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MERCURY 135 2. HEALTH EFFECTS paral
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MERCURY 137 2. HEALTH EFFECTS as lo
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MERCURY 139 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pregn
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MERCURY 141 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysar
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MERCURY 143 2. HEALTH EFFECTS >12 p
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MERCURY 145 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tempo
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MERCURY 147 2. HEALTH EFFECTS less
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MERCURY 149 2. HEALTH EFFECTS admin
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MERCURY 151 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Hg/kg
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MERCURY 153 2. HEALTH EFFECTS incre
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MERCURY 155 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is li
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MERCURY 157 2. HEALTH EFFECTS ulcer
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MERCURY 159 2. HEALTH EFFECTS patie
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MERCURY 161 2. HEALTH EFFECTS No st
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MERCURY 163 2.3.1.1 Inhalation Expo
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MERCURY 165 2. HEALTH EFFECTS was m
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MERCURY 167 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (1 mg
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MERCURY 169 2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure
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MERCURY 171 2. HEALTH EFFECTS decli
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MERCURY 173 2. HEALTH EFFECTS prima
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MERCURY 175 2. HEALTH EFFECTS follo
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MERCURY 177 2. HEALTH EFFECTS methy
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MERCURY 179 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 181 2. HEALTH EFFECTS side
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MERCURY 183 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathw
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MERCURY 185 2.3.4 Elimination and E
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MERCURY 188 2. HEALTH EFFECTS worke
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MERCURY 190 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowla
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MERCURY 193 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.3.5
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MERCURY 196 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dosin
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MERCURY 200 2. HEALTH EFFECTS did o
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MERCURY 206 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reabs
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MERCURY 208 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Oral
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MERCURY 210 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Strai
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MERCURY 212 2. HEALTH EFFECTS enzym
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MERCURY 214 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Recen
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MERCURY 216 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1995)
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MERCURY 218 2. HEALTH EFFECTS autoa
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MERCURY 220 2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MERCURY 222 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pheny
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MERCURY 224 2. HEALTH EFFECTS mercu
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MERCURY 226 2. HEALTH EFFECTS nonst
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MERCURY 228 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appre
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MERCURY 230 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the M
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MERCURY 232 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Emplo
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MERCURY 234 C 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and
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MERCURY 236 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Nakag
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MERCURY 238 2. HEALTH EFFECTS • (
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MERCURY 240 Supporting Studies 2. H
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MERCURY 242 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and e
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MERCURY 244 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the h
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MERCURY 246 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the m
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MERCURY 248 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Iraqi
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MERCURY 251 2. HEALTH EFFECTS al. (
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MERCURY 253 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The a
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MERCURY 255 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The N
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MERCURY 257 2. HEALTH EFFECTS NOAEL
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MERCURY 259 2. HEALTH EFFECTS where
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MERCURY 262 2. HEALTH EFFECTS they
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MERCURY 264 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Anima
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MERCURY 266 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acute
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MERCURY 268 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and d
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MERCURY 270 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowen
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MERCURY 272 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tunne
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MERCURY 274 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 276 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Neuro
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MERCURY 278 2. HEALTH EFFECTS serot
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MERCURY 280 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (0.06
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MERCURY 282 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Devel
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MERCURY 284 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The i
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MERCURY 292 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Cance
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MERCURY 294 2. HEALTH EFFECTS numbe
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MERCURY 296 2. HEALTH EFFECTS of in
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MERCURY 298 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Studi
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MERCURY 300 2. HEALTH EFFECTS or ot
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MERCURY 302 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Wheth
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MERCURY 304 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 306 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appar
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MERCURY 308 2. HEALTH EFFECTS most
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MERCURY 310 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Conce
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MERCURY 312 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 314 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 5-10%
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MERCURY 316 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Japan
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MERCURY 320 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysfu
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MERCURY 324 2. HEALTH EFFECTS selen
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MERCURY 326 2. HEALTH EFFECTS at do
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MERCURY 328 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Proba
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MERCURY 330 2. HEALTH EFFECTS parti
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MERCURY 332 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is me
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MERCURY 334 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.10.
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MERCURY 340 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Infor
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MERCURY 342 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 344 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chron
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MERCURY 346 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Repro
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MERCURY 348 2. HEALTH EFFECTS might
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MERCURY 350 2. HEALTH EFFECTS corre
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MERCURY 352 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In ge
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MERCURY 354 2. HEALTH EFFECTS initi
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MERCURY 356 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 363 3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY 3
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MERCURY 473 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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MERCURY 487 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 492 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS (
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MERCURY 494 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS S
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MERCURY 503 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS w
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MERCURY 505 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 509 7. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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MERCURY 525 8. REFERENCES *Abbas MN
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MERCURY 527 8. REFERENCES *Allard B
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MERCURY 529 8. REFERENCES *Aten J,
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MERCURY 531 8. REFERENCES *Barnes D
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MERCURY 533 8. REFERENCES *Berlin M
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MERCURY 535 8. REFERENCES *Bloom NS
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MERCURY 537 8. REFERENCES *Bullock
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MERCURY 539 8. REFERENCES *Castedo
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MERCURY 541 8. REFERENCES *Christie
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MERCURY 543 8. REFERENCES *Cordier
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MERCURY 545 8. REFERENCES *DeBont B
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MERCURY 547 8. REFERENCES *Dutczak
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MERCURY 549 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 198
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MERCURY 551 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 199
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MERCURY 553 8. REFERENCES *Erfurth
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MERCURY 555 8. REFERENCES *Fleming
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MERCURY 557 8. REFERENCES *Ganser A
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MERCURY 559 8. REFERENCES *Goldman
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MERCURY 561 8. REFERENCES *Gutenman
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MERCURY 563 8. REFERENCES *Hill W.
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MERCURY 565 8. REFERENCES *IARC 199
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MERCURY 567 8. REFERENCES *Jokstad
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MERCURY 569 8. REFERENCES *King G.
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MERCURY 571 8. REFERENCES *Lauwerys
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MERCURY 573 8. REFERENCES *Lindqvis
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MERCURY 575 8. REFERENCES *Lytle TF
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MERCURY 577 8. REFERENCES *Matsumot
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MERCURY 579 8. REFERENCES Mishonova
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MERCURY 581 8. REFERENCES *Naganuma
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MERCURY 583 8. REFERENCES *Nieschmi
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MERCURY 585 8. REFERENCES *Odukoya
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MERCURY 587 8. REFERENCES *Pelletie
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MERCURY 589 8. REFERENCES *Prouvost
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MERCURY 591 8. REFERENCES *Rice DC.
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MERCURY 593 8. REFERENCES *Sager PR
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MERCURY 595 8. REFERENCES *Sedman R
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MERCURY 597 8. REFERENCES *Skare I,
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MERCURY 599 8. REFERENCES *Stutz DR
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MERCURY 601 8. REFERENCES *Thomas D
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MERCURY 603 8. REFERENCES *Van der
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MERCURY 605 8. REFERENCES *Warfving
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MERCURY 607 8. REFERENCES *Willes R
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MERCURY 609 8. REFERENCES *Yeoh TS,
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MERCURY 611 9. GLOSSARY Absorption
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MERCURY 613 9. GLOSSARY Incidence
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MERCURY 615 9. GLOSSARY Physiologic
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MERCURY 617 9. GLOSSARY Uncertainty
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MERCURY A-2 APPENDIX A MRLs are int
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MERCURY A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conver
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MERCURY A-6 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-8 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-10 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RIS
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MERCURY A-12 Converting blood conce
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MERCURY A-14 APPENDIX A dose in the
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MERCURY A-16 APPENDIX A possibility
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MERCURY A-18 APPENDIX A Seychelles
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MERCURY A-20 APPENDIX A panel that
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MERCURY A-22 APPENDIX A fish-eating
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MERCURY A-24 APPENDIX A pharmacokin
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MERCURY B-2 APPENDIX B (2) Exposure
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1 SAMPLE 6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Sig
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MERCURY B-7 APPENDIX B To derive an
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MERCURY C-2 APPENDIX C ECD electron
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MERCURY C-4 APPENDIX C PAH Polycycl
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