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MERCURY 326 2. HEALTH EFFECTS at dosages of 1 mg/kg/day was reported by Bapu et al. (1994). Therapy with both B-complex vitamins and vitamin E was found to mobilize a significant amount of mercury from all tissues examined (brain, spinal cord, liver, and kidneys), with the maximum mobilization (about 63%, compared with controls) being recorded in the spinal cord following vitamin E treatment. NAHT treatment also produced significant mobilization of mercury from nervous tissue but caused an increase in mercury concentration in non-nervous tissue. Another group of compounds that combines with mercury (and other divalent cation species) is comprised by those used in chelation therapy to reduce the body burden of mercury by enhancing its elimination from the body. Such chelators include: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA); 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate (DMPS); 2,3-dimercaptosuccoinic acid (DMSA); 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (British anti-Lewisite [BAL]; sometimes called dimercaprol); and N-acetylpenicillamine (NAP). While these chelating agents have a very high affinity for Hg ++ , which makes them effective mercury chelators, they also have an affinity for other divalent cations, many of which are essential for normal physiological function. BAL was the first chelating agent used for mercury toxicity, and it is still widely used today for inorganic mercury poisoning (ATSDR 1992). BAL is also believed to be effective in treating phenylmercury poisoning, because of the rapid in vivo oxidization of phenylmercuric acetate to Hg ++ , thereby rendering phenylmercury similar in behavior to inorganic mercury. BAL is contraindicated for cases of methylmercury poisoning, however, because it has been demonstrated to increase the concentration of methylmercury in the brain. Possible side effects of BAL include nausea, vomiting, headache, tachycardia, fever, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. As an adjunct or alternative to parenterally administered BAL, oral NAP may be used (ATSDR 1992). Side effects of NAP may include fever, rash, leukopenia, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia. DMPS and DMSA are derivatives of BAL, but they have been found to be more effective than BAL in experimental studies. Although still considered an investigational drug, DMPS decreased the mercury excretion half-life from 33.1 to 11.2 days in 2 workers exposed to high levels of mercury vapor (ATSDR 1992). In a study of the influence of DMPS and DMSA on renal deposition of mercury in rats, both chelating agents were found to cause a significantly increased urinary excretion of mercury (Zalups 1993), although significant differences in the extrarenal handling of these two chelators were found. DMPS was also shown to increase the urinary excretion of mercury 7.6-fold in a group of former chloralkali workers
MERCURY 327 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 3 years after cessation of occupational exposure (Sallsten et al. 1994), probably reflecting the excretion of mercury stored in the kidneys. In a case report of two human mercury vapor intoxication incidents, treatment with BAL followed by DMSA was found to decrease plasma inorganic mercury uptake at concentrations
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MERCURY U
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MERCURY UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicolo
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MERCURY Managing Hazardous Material
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MERCURY PEER REVIEW A peer review p
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MERCURY 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure .....
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MERCURY xvi APPENDICES B. ATSDR MIN
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MERCURY LIST OF TABLES 2-1 Levels o
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MERCURY 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
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MERCURY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS This prof
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS bronchiti
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 39-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS effects o
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MERCURY Gastrointestinal Effects 2.
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS home as a
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MERCURY Renal Effects 2. HEALTH EFF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathologi
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MERCURY Ocular Effects 2. HEALTH EF
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the T-cel
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In case r
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS A 27-year
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The TWA m
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reversibl
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MERCURY 2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effect
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MERCURY 2.2.1.6 Developmental Effec
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acquiring
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS control s
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MERCURY 2. HEALTH EFFECTS compounds
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MERCURY 105 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 107 2. HEALTH EFFECTS diffe
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MERCURY 109 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 111 Musculoskeletal Effects
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MERCURY 113 Renal Effects 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 115 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (dila
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MERCURY 117 2. HEALTH EFFECTS glome
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MERCURY 119 Dermal Effects 2. HEALT
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MERCURY 121 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The o
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MERCURY 123 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Organ
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MERCURY 125 2. HEALTH EFFECTS forge
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MERCURY 127 2. HEALTH EFFECTS occur
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MERCURY 129 2. HEALTH EFFECTS hypot
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MERCURY 131 2. HEALTH EFFECTS any e
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MERCURY 133 2. HEALTH EFFECTS in th
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MERCURY 135 2. HEALTH EFFECTS paral
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MERCURY 137 2. HEALTH EFFECTS as lo
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MERCURY 139 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pregn
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MERCURY 141 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysar
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MERCURY 143 2. HEALTH EFFECTS >12 p
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MERCURY 145 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tempo
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MERCURY 147 2. HEALTH EFFECTS less
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MERCURY 149 2. HEALTH EFFECTS admin
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MERCURY 151 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Hg/kg
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MERCURY 153 2. HEALTH EFFECTS incre
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MERCURY 155 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is li
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MERCURY 157 2. HEALTH EFFECTS ulcer
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MERCURY 159 2. HEALTH EFFECTS patie
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MERCURY 161 2. HEALTH EFFECTS No st
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MERCURY 163 2.3.1.1 Inhalation Expo
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MERCURY 165 2. HEALTH EFFECTS was m
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MERCURY 167 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (1 mg
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MERCURY 169 2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure
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MERCURY 171 2. HEALTH EFFECTS decli
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MERCURY 173 2. HEALTH EFFECTS prima
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MERCURY 175 2. HEALTH EFFECTS follo
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MERCURY 177 2. HEALTH EFFECTS methy
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MERCURY 179 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 181 2. HEALTH EFFECTS side
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MERCURY 183 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathw
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MERCURY 185 2.3.4 Elimination and E
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MERCURY 188 2. HEALTH EFFECTS worke
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MERCURY 190 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowla
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MERCURY 193 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.3.5
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MERCURY 196 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dosin
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MERCURY 200 2. HEALTH EFFECTS did o
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MERCURY 206 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reabs
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MERCURY 208 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Oral
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MERCURY 210 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Strai
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MERCURY 212 2. HEALTH EFFECTS enzym
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MERCURY 214 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Recen
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MERCURY 216 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1995)
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MERCURY 218 2. HEALTH EFFECTS autoa
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MERCURY 220 2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MERCURY 222 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pheny
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MERCURY 224 2. HEALTH EFFECTS mercu
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MERCURY 226 2. HEALTH EFFECTS nonst
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MERCURY 228 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appre
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MERCURY 230 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the M
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MERCURY 232 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Emplo
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MERCURY 234 C 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and
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MERCURY 236 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Nakag
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MERCURY 238 2. HEALTH EFFECTS • (
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MERCURY 240 Supporting Studies 2. H
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MERCURY 242 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and e
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MERCURY 244 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the h
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MERCURY 246 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the m
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MERCURY 248 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Iraqi
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MERCURY 251 2. HEALTH EFFECTS al. (
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MERCURY 253 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The a
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MERCURY 255 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The N
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MERCURY 257 2. HEALTH EFFECTS NOAEL
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MERCURY 259 2. HEALTH EFFECTS where
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MERCURY 262 2. HEALTH EFFECTS they
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MERCURY 264 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Anima
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MERCURY 266 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acute
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MERCURY 268 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and d
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MERCURY 270 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowen
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MERCURY 272 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tunne
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MERCURY 274 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 376 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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MERCURY 378 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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MERCURY 380 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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MERCURY 396 5.2.3 Soil 5. POTENTIAL
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MERCURY 487 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 492 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS (
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MERCURY 494 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS S
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MERCURY 503 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS w
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MERCURY 505 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 509 7. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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MERCURY 525 8. REFERENCES *Abbas MN
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MERCURY 527 8. REFERENCES *Allard B
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MERCURY 529 8. REFERENCES *Aten J,
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MERCURY 531 8. REFERENCES *Barnes D
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MERCURY 533 8. REFERENCES *Berlin M
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MERCURY 535 8. REFERENCES *Bloom NS
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MERCURY 537 8. REFERENCES *Bullock
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MERCURY 539 8. REFERENCES *Castedo
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MERCURY 541 8. REFERENCES *Christie
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MERCURY 543 8. REFERENCES *Cordier
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MERCURY 545 8. REFERENCES *DeBont B
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MERCURY 547 8. REFERENCES *Dutczak
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MERCURY 549 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 198
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MERCURY 551 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 199
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MERCURY 553 8. REFERENCES *Erfurth
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MERCURY 555 8. REFERENCES *Fleming
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MERCURY 557 8. REFERENCES *Ganser A
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MERCURY 559 8. REFERENCES *Goldman
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MERCURY 561 8. REFERENCES *Gutenman
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MERCURY 563 8. REFERENCES *Hill W.
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MERCURY 565 8. REFERENCES *IARC 199
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MERCURY 567 8. REFERENCES *Jokstad
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MERCURY 569 8. REFERENCES *King G.
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MERCURY 571 8. REFERENCES *Lauwerys
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MERCURY 573 8. REFERENCES *Lindqvis
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MERCURY 575 8. REFERENCES *Lytle TF
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MERCURY 577 8. REFERENCES *Matsumot
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MERCURY 579 8. REFERENCES Mishonova
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MERCURY 581 8. REFERENCES *Naganuma
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MERCURY 585 8. REFERENCES *Odukoya
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MERCURY 587 8. REFERENCES *Pelletie
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MERCURY 589 8. REFERENCES *Prouvost
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MERCURY 591 8. REFERENCES *Rice DC.
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MERCURY 593 8. REFERENCES *Sager PR
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MERCURY 595 8. REFERENCES *Sedman R
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MERCURY 597 8. REFERENCES *Skare I,
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MERCURY 599 8. REFERENCES *Stutz DR
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MERCURY 601 8. REFERENCES *Thomas D
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MERCURY 603 8. REFERENCES *Van der
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MERCURY 605 8. REFERENCES *Warfving
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MERCURY 607 8. REFERENCES *Willes R
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MERCURY 609 8. REFERENCES *Yeoh TS,
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MERCURY 611 9. GLOSSARY Absorption
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MERCURY 613 9. GLOSSARY Incidence
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MERCURY 615 9. GLOSSARY Physiologic
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MERCURY 617 9. GLOSSARY Uncertainty
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MERCURY A-2 APPENDIX A MRLs are int
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MERCURY A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conver
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MERCURY A-6 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-8 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-10 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RIS
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MERCURY A-12 Converting blood conce
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MERCURY A-14 APPENDIX A dose in the
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MERCURY A-16 APPENDIX A possibility
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MERCURY A-18 APPENDIX A Seychelles
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MERCURY A-20 APPENDIX A panel that
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MERCURY A-22 APPENDIX A fish-eating
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MERCURY A-24 APPENDIX A pharmacokin
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MERCURY B-2 APPENDIX B (2) Exposure
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1 SAMPLE 6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Sig
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MERCURY B-7 APPENDIX B To derive an
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MERCURY C-2 APPENDIX C ECD electron
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MERCURY C-4 APPENDIX C PAH Polycycl
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