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MERCURY 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. * To order toxicological profiles, contact National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Phone: (800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000 28
MERCURY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective of the toxicology of mercury. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. Mercury is a metal element that occurs naturally in the environment. Metallic or elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) is the main form of mercury released into the air by natural processes. Mercury bound to other chemicals may have valence states of either +1 (Hg +1 ) or +2 (Hg +2 ). Mercury with a valence state of +1 is referred to as mercurous mercury, and mercury with a valence state of +2 is referred to as mercuric mercury. Many inorganic and organic compounds of mercury can be formed from the mercuric (divalent) cation (Hg +2 ). For information on the physical and chemical properties of mercury, refer to Chapter 3. There are many similarities in the toxic effects of the various forms of mercury, but there are also significant differences. In the text, tables, and figures of this profile, the metallic mercury and the inorganic salts, including mercurous chloride, mercuric chloride, mercuric acetate, and mercuric sulfide, are organized under the general heading of inorganic mercury. The organic mercury compounds including methylmercuric chloride, dimethylmercury, and phenylmercuric acetate are addressed in this document under the heading of organic mercury. In most discussion in the text, the specific effects are attributable to a particular form, and the form is specified. The general population is most commonly exposed to mercury primarily from two sources: (1) eating fish and marine mammals (e.g., whales, seals) that may contain some methylmercury in their tissues or (2) from the release of elemental mercury from the dental amalgam used in fillings. It is not known how much of the elemental mercury released from dental amalgam is inhaled as a mercury vapor, how much is breathed out, how much is swallowed in a liquid form, or how much is converted into a mercuric salt that is either swallowed of directly absorbed into the oral mucosa. Exposure to mercury, however, does not necessarily mean that adverse health effects will result. Health effects depend upon the amount of exposure, the form 29
Page 1 and 2: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MERCURY U
Page 3: MERCURY UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicolo
Page 8 and 9: MERCURY Managing Hazardous Material
Page 11: MERCURY PEER REVIEW A peer review p
Page 14 and 15: MERCURY 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure .....
Page 16 and 17: MERCURY xvi APPENDICES B. ATSDR MIN
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MERCURY 105 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 107 2. HEALTH EFFECTS diffe
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MERCURY 109 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chlor
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MERCURY 111 Musculoskeletal Effects
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MERCURY 113 Renal Effects 2. HEALTH
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MERCURY 115 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (dila
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MERCURY 117 2. HEALTH EFFECTS glome
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MERCURY 119 Dermal Effects 2. HEALT
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MERCURY 121 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The o
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MERCURY 123 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Organ
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MERCURY 125 2. HEALTH EFFECTS forge
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MERCURY 127 2. HEALTH EFFECTS occur
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MERCURY 129 2. HEALTH EFFECTS hypot
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MERCURY 131 2. HEALTH EFFECTS any e
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MERCURY 133 2. HEALTH EFFECTS in th
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MERCURY 135 2. HEALTH EFFECTS paral
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MERCURY 137 2. HEALTH EFFECTS as lo
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MERCURY 139 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pregn
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MERCURY 141 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysar
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MERCURY 143 2. HEALTH EFFECTS >12 p
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MERCURY 145 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tempo
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MERCURY 147 2. HEALTH EFFECTS less
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MERCURY 149 2. HEALTH EFFECTS admin
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MERCURY 151 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Hg/kg
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MERCURY 153 2. HEALTH EFFECTS incre
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MERCURY 155 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is li
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MERCURY 157 2. HEALTH EFFECTS ulcer
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MERCURY 159 2. HEALTH EFFECTS patie
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MERCURY 161 2. HEALTH EFFECTS No st
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MERCURY 163 2.3.1.1 Inhalation Expo
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MERCURY 165 2. HEALTH EFFECTS was m
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MERCURY 167 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (1 mg
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MERCURY 169 2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure
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MERCURY 171 2. HEALTH EFFECTS decli
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MERCURY 173 2. HEALTH EFFECTS prima
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MERCURY 175 2. HEALTH EFFECTS follo
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MERCURY 177 2. HEALTH EFFECTS methy
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MERCURY 179 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 181 2. HEALTH EFFECTS side
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MERCURY 183 2. HEALTH EFFECTS pathw
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MERCURY 185 2.3.4 Elimination and E
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MERCURY 188 2. HEALTH EFFECTS worke
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MERCURY 190 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowla
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MERCURY 193 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.3.5
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MERCURY 196 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dosin
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MERCURY 200 2. HEALTH EFFECTS did o
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MERCURY 206 2. HEALTH EFFECTS reabs
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MERCURY 208 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Oral
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MERCURY 210 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Strai
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MERCURY 212 2. HEALTH EFFECTS enzym
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MERCURY 214 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Recen
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MERCURY 216 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1995)
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MERCURY 218 2. HEALTH EFFECTS autoa
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MERCURY 220 2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MERCURY 222 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Pheny
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MERCURY 224 2. HEALTH EFFECTS mercu
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MERCURY 226 2. HEALTH EFFECTS nonst
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MERCURY 228 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appre
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MERCURY 230 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the M
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MERCURY 232 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Emplo
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MERCURY 234 C 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and
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MERCURY 236 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Nakag
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MERCURY 238 2. HEALTH EFFECTS • (
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MERCURY 240 Supporting Studies 2. H
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MERCURY 242 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and e
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MERCURY 244 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the h
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MERCURY 246 2. HEALTH EFFECTS the m
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MERCURY 248 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Iraqi
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MERCURY 251 2. HEALTH EFFECTS al. (
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MERCURY 253 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The a
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MERCURY 255 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The N
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MERCURY 257 2. HEALTH EFFECTS NOAEL
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MERCURY 259 2. HEALTH EFFECTS where
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MERCURY 262 2. HEALTH EFFECTS they
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MERCURY 264 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Anima
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MERCURY 266 2. HEALTH EFFECTS acute
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MERCURY 268 2. HEALTH EFFECTS and d
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MERCURY 270 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Rowen
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MERCURY 272 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Tunne
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MERCURY 274 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 1992;
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MERCURY 276 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Neuro
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MERCURY 278 2. HEALTH EFFECTS serot
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MERCURY 280 2. HEALTH EFFECTS (0.06
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MERCURY 282 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Devel
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MERCURY 284 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The i
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MERCURY 292 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Cance
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MERCURY 294 2. HEALTH EFFECTS numbe
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MERCURY 296 2. HEALTH EFFECTS of in
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MERCURY 298 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Studi
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MERCURY 300 2. HEALTH EFFECTS or ot
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MERCURY 302 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Wheth
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MERCURY 304 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 306 2. HEALTH EFFECTS appar
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MERCURY 308 2. HEALTH EFFECTS most
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MERCURY 310 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Conce
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MERCURY 312 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 314 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 5-10%
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MERCURY 316 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Japan
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MERCURY 320 2. HEALTH EFFECTS dysfu
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MERCURY 324 2. HEALTH EFFECTS selen
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MERCURY 326 2. HEALTH EFFECTS at do
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MERCURY 328 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Proba
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MERCURY 330 2. HEALTH EFFECTS parti
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MERCURY 332 2. HEALTH EFFECTS is me
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MERCURY 334 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.10.
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MERCURY 340 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Infor
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MERCURY 342 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Acute
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MERCURY 344 2. HEALTH EFFECTS chron
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MERCURY 346 2. HEALTH EFFECTS Repro
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MERCURY 348 2. HEALTH EFFECTS might
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MERCURY 350 2. HEALTH EFFECTS corre
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MERCURY 352 2. HEALTH EFFECTS In ge
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MERCURY 354 2. HEALTH EFFECTS initi
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MERCURY 356 2. HEALTH EFFECTS The m
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MERCURY 363 3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY 3
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MERCURY 374 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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MERCURY 380 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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MERCURY 396 5.2.3 Soil 5. POTENTIAL
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MERCURY 487 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 492 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS (
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MERCURY 494 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS S
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MERCURY 503 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS w
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MERCURY 505 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS T
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MERCURY 509 7. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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MERCURY 525 8. REFERENCES *Abbas MN
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MERCURY 527 8. REFERENCES *Allard B
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MERCURY 529 8. REFERENCES *Aten J,
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MERCURY 531 8. REFERENCES *Barnes D
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MERCURY 533 8. REFERENCES *Berlin M
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MERCURY 535 8. REFERENCES *Bloom NS
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MERCURY 537 8. REFERENCES *Bullock
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MERCURY 539 8. REFERENCES *Castedo
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MERCURY 541 8. REFERENCES *Christie
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MERCURY 543 8. REFERENCES *Cordier
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MERCURY 545 8. REFERENCES *DeBont B
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MERCURY 547 8. REFERENCES *Dutczak
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MERCURY 549 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 198
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MERCURY 551 8. REFERENCES *EPA. 199
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MERCURY 553 8. REFERENCES *Erfurth
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MERCURY 555 8. REFERENCES *Fleming
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MERCURY 557 8. REFERENCES *Ganser A
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MERCURY 559 8. REFERENCES *Goldman
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MERCURY 561 8. REFERENCES *Gutenman
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MERCURY 563 8. REFERENCES *Hill W.
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MERCURY 565 8. REFERENCES *IARC 199
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MERCURY 567 8. REFERENCES *Jokstad
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MERCURY 569 8. REFERENCES *King G.
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MERCURY 571 8. REFERENCES *Lauwerys
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MERCURY 573 8. REFERENCES *Lindqvis
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MERCURY 575 8. REFERENCES *Lytle TF
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MERCURY 577 8. REFERENCES *Matsumot
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MERCURY 579 8. REFERENCES Mishonova
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MERCURY 581 8. REFERENCES *Naganuma
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MERCURY 583 8. REFERENCES *Nieschmi
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MERCURY 585 8. REFERENCES *Odukoya
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MERCURY 587 8. REFERENCES *Pelletie
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MERCURY 589 8. REFERENCES *Prouvost
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MERCURY 591 8. REFERENCES *Rice DC.
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MERCURY 593 8. REFERENCES *Sager PR
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MERCURY 595 8. REFERENCES *Sedman R
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MERCURY 597 8. REFERENCES *Skare I,
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MERCURY 599 8. REFERENCES *Stutz DR
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MERCURY 601 8. REFERENCES *Thomas D
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MERCURY 603 8. REFERENCES *Van der
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MERCURY 605 8. REFERENCES *Warfving
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MERCURY 607 8. REFERENCES *Willes R
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MERCURY 609 8. REFERENCES *Yeoh TS,
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MERCURY 611 9. GLOSSARY Absorption
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MERCURY 613 9. GLOSSARY Incidence
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MERCURY 615 9. GLOSSARY Physiologic
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MERCURY 617 9. GLOSSARY Uncertainty
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MERCURY A-2 APPENDIX A MRLs are int
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MERCURY A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conver
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MERCURY A-6 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-8 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RISK
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MERCURY A-10 APPENDIX A MINIMAL RIS
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MERCURY A-12 Converting blood conce
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MERCURY A-14 APPENDIX A dose in the
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MERCURY A-16 APPENDIX A possibility
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MERCURY A-18 APPENDIX A Seychelles
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MERCURY A-20 APPENDIX A panel that
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MERCURY A-22 APPENDIX A fish-eating
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MERCURY A-24 APPENDIX A pharmacokin
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MERCURY B-2 APPENDIX B (2) Exposure
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1 SAMPLE 6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Sig
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MERCURY B-7 APPENDIX B To derive an
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MERCURY C-2 APPENDIX C ECD electron
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MERCURY C-4 APPENDIX C PAH Polycycl
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