436 Index convergence tests, 265 counter example, 7, 12 crisis, 11 critical attitude, 9 critical revision, xiii, xiv, 9, 191, 192, 281, 392 cumulative nature <strong>of</strong> mathematics, 281 cyclotomic equation, 52, 79 cyclotomic equation, 72, 83, 142, 150–152, 316 cyclotomic equations, 150 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, 24 degree <strong>of</strong> equivalence, 92 degree <strong>of</strong> substitution, 91 degree <strong>of</strong> equivalence, 86, 87 delineation problem, 400 delineation <strong>of</strong> concepts, xiv, 139, 272, 390, 395 delineation <strong>of</strong> solvable equations, 395 delineation problem, xiv, 341 Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt, 24 descent down string <strong>of</strong> equations, 148 dialectics, 11 differentiable functions, 395 Dirichlet boxing-in principle, 109 disciplinary matrix, 400 divergent series, 265, 267 division <strong>of</strong> the lemniscate, 315 division problem, 155, 157, 313 for circular functions, 150 for the lemniscate, 154 for elliptic functions, 142, 150, 153 for the circle, 6, 74, 151, 154 for the lemniscate, 154 <strong>of</strong> the circle, 150 domain <strong>of</strong> rationality, 159 elementary symmetric relations, 59 epistemic configuration, 13 epistemic object, 13 epistemic technique, 13 equality arithmetical, 9 formal, 9 Euclid’s division algorithm, 142 Euclid’s division algorithm, 141, 158, 159 Euclidean construction, 74 Euler’s hypothesis, 80 exception, 7, 396 exception barring, 12 exceptions, xiii false roots, 57 falsification, 12 Fermat primes, 79, 318 fictuous roots, 57 form <strong>of</strong> expression, 67 formal concept <strong>of</strong> equality, 9 formula based mathematics, xiii, xiv, 13, 263, 373, 374, 378, 387–392 French Revolution, 3, 40, 43 functional equations, 261 Fundamental <strong>The</strong>orem <strong>of</strong> Algebra, 5, 10, 58, 80, 82, 95, 159 Galois theory, 99 Grand prix, 375 groupe, 75 habituation, xiii, xiv hyperbola, 285, 287 hyperelliptic functions, 377 hyperelliptic integrals, 350, 351, 376, 377 hypergeometric series, 198–201, 296 identical substitution, 91 imagined roots, 57 imprimitive groups, 86 indecomposable functions, 158 indeterminate series, 265, 267 index, 87 index <strong>of</strong> a function, 92, 93 indicative divisor, 92 inertia <strong>of</strong> mathematical community, 80 inherited property, 148 Institut, 348 Institut de France, 90, 181, 186, 348 intransitive groups, 86 irreducibility, 157 irreducible equations, 159 irreducible <strong>Abel</strong>ian equations, 176 irreducible <strong>Abel</strong>ian equations, 52 irreducible equations, 52, 141, 142, 146, 158 Journal, 33, 35–37, 39, 122, 126, 128, 129, 155, 223, 244, 261, 265, 269, 278, 299, 300, 303, 337, 339, 341, 376, 377 Journal d’École Polytechnique, 90 Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées, 181, 236 Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 4, 5, 29, 73, 98, 126 Königlichen Friedrichs-Gymnasium, 135 l’Hospital’s rule, 322
Index 437 Lagrange interpolation, 349, 355, 356, 360, 372, 373, 381 Lagrange’s <strong>The</strong>orem, 68 Lagrangian program, 207 Mémoires, 65 Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, 399 Mémoires présentés par divers savants, 348, 375 Maclaurin series, 398 Magazin, 24 Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23, 132 mathematical intuition, 400 mathematical workshop, 13 multi-valued function, 63 Napoleonic Wars, 4 Napoleonic Wars, 40 neo-humanist movement, 3, 41 Nouvelles annales de mathematique, 135 orbit <strong>of</strong> theta, 145 order <strong>of</strong> substitution, 91 paradigm, 11 period <strong>of</strong> roots, 78 sum, 78 permutations, 85, 91, 92 circle, 93 composite, 85 simple, 85 permutazione, 85 Philosophical Magazine, 130, 132 pigeon hole principle, 109 powers <strong>of</strong> a substitution, 91 primitive groups, 86 primitive roots, 73 principle <strong>of</strong> double periodicity, 310 product <strong>of</strong> substitutions, 91 pro<strong>of</strong> analysis, 12 pro<strong>of</strong> revision, 12, 280 Prussia, 3, 41 pure equations, 80 pure equations, 80 quadrature <strong>of</strong> hyperbola, 287 quadrature <strong>of</strong> hyperbola, 285, 287 quadrature <strong>of</strong> circle, 287 quadrature <strong>of</strong> hyperbola, 295 rationally known quantities, 183 reciprocal roots, 76 rectification <strong>of</strong> hyperbola, 287 Regentsen, 23 residues, 306 resolvent, 62 resolvent equation, 62 revolution, 11 rigorization program, 191 roots false, 57 imagined, 57 true, 57 Royal Danish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences and Letters, 26 Royal Danish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences and Letters, 25 Royal Danish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences and Letters, 24 Royal Danish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences and Letters, 22, 97 Royal Irish Academy, 130 Ruffini’s missed subgroups, 88 ruler-and-compass constructibility, 74 Savants étrangers, 361 semblables fonctions, 66 simple permutations, 85 Società Italiana delle Scienze, 84 St. Petersburg Academy, 21, 62 substituions order, 91 substitutions, 91 circular, 94 degree, 91 identical, 91 powers, 91 product, 91 sum <strong>of</strong> period <strong>of</strong> roots, 78 symmetric group, 72 systems <strong>of</strong> conjugate substitutions, 85 Taylor series, 312, 397 teleology, 10 tests <strong>of</strong> convergence, 400 <strong>The</strong> Enlightenment, 9 Transactions, 130 Transactions <strong>of</strong> the Royal Danish Academy <strong>of</strong> Science, 23 transformation, 11 true value <strong>of</strong> series, 267 Tuberculosis, 4 Videnskabernes Selskab, 22 Zeitschrift für Physik und Mathematik, 35, 123
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RePoSS: Research Publications on Sc
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The Mathematics of NIELS HENRIK ABE
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The Mathematics of NIELS HENRIK ABE
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Contents Contents i List of Tables
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8.3 Refocusing on the equation . .
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V ABEL’s mathematics and the rise
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List of Figures 2.1 NIELS HENRIK AB
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List of Boxes 1 The algebraic reduc
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Summary The present PhD dissertatio
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Preface to the 2004 edition For thi
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in connection with the Abel centenn
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items published in the same year ar
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the Mittag-Leffler archives in Djur
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Chapter 1 Introduction In the after
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1.2. The mathematical topics involv
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1.3. Themes from early nineteenth-c
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1.4. Reflections on methodology 9 l
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1.4. Reflections on methodology 11
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1.4. Reflections on methodology 13
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1.4. Reflections on methodology 15
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18 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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20 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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22 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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24 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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26 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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28 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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30 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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32 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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34 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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36 Chapter 2. Biography of NIELS HE
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Chapter 3 Historical background The
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3.2. ABEL’s position in mathemati
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3.3. The state of mathematics 43 tr
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3.4. ABEL’s legacy 45 As can be s
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Chapter 4 The position and role of
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4.1. Outline of ABEL’s results an
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4.2. Mathematical change as a histo
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4.2. Mathematical change as a histo
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58 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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60 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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62 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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64 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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66 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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68 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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70 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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72 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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74 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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76 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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78 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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80 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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82 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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84 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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86 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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88 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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90 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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92 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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94 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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96 Chapter 5. Towards unsolvable eq
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98 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubilit
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100 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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102 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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104 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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106 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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108 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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110 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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112 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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114 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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116 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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118 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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120 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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122 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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124 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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126 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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128 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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130 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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132 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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134 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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136 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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138 Chapter 6. Algebraic insolubili
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Chapter 7 Particular classes of equ
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7.1. Solubility of Abelian equation
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7.1. Solubility of Abelian equation
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7.1. Solubility of Abelian equation
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7.1. Solubility of Abelian equation
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7.1. Solubility of Abelian equation
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7.2. Elliptic functions 153 Figure
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7.2. Elliptic functions 155 7.2.1 T
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7.3. The concept of irreducibility
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7.3. The concept of irreducibility
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7.4. Enlarging the class of solvabl
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164 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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166 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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168 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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170 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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172 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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174 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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176 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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178 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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180 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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182 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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184 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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186 Chapter 8. A grand theory in sp
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Part III Interlude: ABEL and the
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192 Chapter 9. The nineteenth-centu
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194 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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196 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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198 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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200 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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202 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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204 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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206 Chapter 10. Toward rigorization
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208 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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210 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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212 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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214 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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216 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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218 Chapter 11. CAUCHY’s new foun
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Chapter 12 ABEL’s reading of CAUC
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12.1. ABEL’s critical attitude 22
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12.1. ABEL’s critical attitude 22
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12.1. ABEL’s critical attitude 22
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12.3. Convergence 229 12.3 Converge
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12.3. Convergence 231 and {εm} was
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12.4. Continuity 233 it followed th
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12.4. Continuity 235 Actually, if t
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12.4. Continuity 237 DIRICHLET intr
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12.5. ABEL’s “exception” 239
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12.6. A curious reaction: Lehrsatz
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12.6. A curious reaction: Lehrsatz
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12.6. A curious reaction: Lehrsatz
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12.7. From power series to absolute
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12.7. From power series to absolute
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12.8. Product theorems of infinite
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12.8. Product theorems of infinite
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12.9. ABEL’s proof of the binomia
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12.9. ABEL’s proof of the binomia
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12.9. ABEL’s proof of the binomia
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12.10. Aspects of ABEL’s binomial
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12.10. Aspects of ABEL’s binomial
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266 Chapter 13. ABEL and OLIVIER on
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268 Chapter 13. ABEL and OLIVIER on
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270 Chapter 13. ABEL and OLIVIER on
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272 Chapter 13. ABEL and OLIVIER on
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274 Chapter 13. ABEL and OLIVIER on
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Chapter 14 Reception of ABEL’s co
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14.1. Reception of ABEL’s rigoriz
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14.2. Conclusion 281 of basic notio
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Part IV Elliptic functions and the
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286 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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288 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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290 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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292 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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294 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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296 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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298 Chapter 15. Elliptic integrals
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300 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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302 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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304 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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306 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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308 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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310 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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312 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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314 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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316 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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318 Chapter 16. The idea of inverti
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Chapter 17 Steps in the process of
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17.1. Infinite representations 323
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17.2. Elliptic functions as ratios
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17.2. Elliptic functions as ratios
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17.3. Characterization of ABEL’s
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Chapter 18 Tools in ABEL’s resear
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18.1. Transformation theory 333 The
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18.1. Transformation theory 335 Obv
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18.1. Transformation theory 337 Sum
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18.2. Integration in logarithmic te
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18.2. Integration in logarithmic te
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18.2. Integration in logarithmic te
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18.3. Conclusion 345 Summary. ABEL
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Chapter 19 The Paris memoir N. H. A
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19.1. ABEL’s approach to the Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.2. The contents of ABEL’s Pari
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19.3. Additional, tentative remarks
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19.3. Additional, tentative remarks
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19.4. The fate of the Paris memoir
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19.6. Conclusion 377 hyperelliptic
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Chapter 20 General approaches to el
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20.2. Other ways of introducing ell
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20.3. Conclusion 383 All these four
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- Page 439 and 440: 1. Précis d’une théorie des fon
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- Page 443 and 444: Bibliography 413 in: Journal für d
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- Page 455 and 456: Bibliography 425 Legendre, A. M. (1
- Page 457 and 458: Bibliography 427 Rosen, M. (1981).
- Page 459: Bibliography 429 Toti Rigatelli, L.
- Page 462 and 463: 432 Index of names Frobenius, Georg
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