PARTIE 2 - Icomos

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Theme 2 Session 3 Models of urban development: examples in Bologna Figure 3. Portico of Alemanni: a. Blaeu, 1663, perspective map with a small strip showing the Portico of Alemanni; b. Blaeu, 1663, strip detail; c, d, e: densification of the buildings on the maps of 1850, 1900 and 1932; f: axonometric overlapping. 383 LE PATRIMOINE, MOTEUR DE DÉVELOPPEMENT HERITAGE, DRIVER OF DEVELOPMENT
Theme 2 Session 3 Models of urban development: examples in Bologna shows an early example of urban intervention of “completion- reorganization”. Expecially the reorganization of the areas behind the arcades with a predominantly commercial destination, establish a mode of intervention that Bologna will adopt and use for the next four hundred years. The sense of this urban transformation is more understandable after a summary of the main aspects of the growth of Bologna in previous centuries. The 13th century is the period of greatest development of Bologna, with an expansion of the city outside the of medieval town implemented through the formation of "boroughs" -borghi-, and favored by the attractiveness of religious orders building complexes. In the city the building fabric is characterized by constant and continuous use of the building porch type. The Municipality exercises its activities with rules requiring the construction of buildings with a porch. The porch is transformed from a mere functional element for the residence in a common element of construction continuity and becomes one of the peculiarities of Bologna, where it has more widespread in comparison to every other city with about 38 km of development measured in the twentieth century. A spread that covers both the secondary and main roads of the building fabric of medieval construction, but which is absent in the 15th century in the old Roman Grid, the Castrum, where many markets and business activities were located. In 15th century urban policy in Bologna focuses on the transformation of the urban environment by resetting the existing, in a process of demolition, reconstruction or remodeling of old or degraded buildings. The area of Piazza Maggiore, the Palazzo del Podesta, the regularization of road grids are just a few examples of the city's renewal, which is based on pragmatic and sensitive political actions. These actions focused on cleanliness, health and urban decor instead of aiming to a neo-classical program or ideal, as in other places. In the 16th century the approach to "demolition – rebuilding”, typical of the 15th century, is replaced by a more prudent "reorganization" of the construction. The facade of the 'Banchi' by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola of 1547-50 is a work of renewal that shows this new mode of intervention. The eastern side of Piazza Maggiore, was characterized by the “quadrilatero” (quadrilateral of streets) of trade, which contrasted with the monumental buildings of the other three sides. Thus it was necessary to give to Piazza Maggiore a more defined architectural form and a more functional image to papal visits and public ceremonies. The study of the "quadrilatero", which is considered the real shopping center of Bologna, highlights several important operations - from small to large scale - apparently disparate, but always designed in response to market and trade development. The urban block is divided into three distinct blocks, identified from Piazza Maggiore and Orefici, Pescherie Vecchie, Clavature, Musei, Drapperie and Ranocchi streets, which are formed by buildings erected on the gothic lot, with parcels oriented orthogonal to Piazza Maggiore near the square itself, and orthogonal to the roads in other areas. The comparison between the existing plants and the historical material, including the Gregorian Land Registry, shows little typologic changes, which mainly consist in unifications and elevations, scarcely ever in changes of the orientation of the lots. The buildings near Piazza Maggiore have different volumes wich led to different ways of aggregation with the facade, while the back is characterized by the presence of buildings independent of each other, perpendicular to the streets, with various heights and dimensions. The part that was once used as headquarters “Ospedale della Vita”, now owned by the municipality, is an exception because it has been preserved almost intact and therefore is characterized by a greater homogeneity among its constituent parts. In the oldest part of the old hospital, characterized by significant elevations of the floors and by a main body provided with a planimetrical "H" shape, are located the Oratory of Santa Maria della Vita and the Church of Santa Maria della Vita, with central plant, built in 1687/90 by G.B. Bergonzoni. The Church is located next to the Clavature and Pescherie market and is a "passage" between the two mentioned streets, Clavature and Pescherie. The study of historical materials shows that there were few changes from the Register of Heritage of Santa Maria della Vita in 1601 and shows that most buildings have maintained their use similar to the intended use of origin: even today in fact, several social and charity associations are based here. Shops face the streets, while activities belonging to the "third sector" as we would call it today such as banks, foreign exchange, hospitals, are settled in the most important buildings. Through time Quadrilatero developed an organized and coherent set, an "integrated whole" that can contain different activities: the whole block is a "large shopping center” that evolved over the centuries through actions and subsequent deposits. The construction of the Portico of Banchi transforms the image of the various activities which had to be requalified by connecting them to the city, and at the same time, by keeping on the small-scale the different characteristics also in terms of architecture. The coating of pre-existing architecture is balanced by the connection with the ancient fabric through 384 LE PATRIMOINE, MOTEUR DE DÉVELOPPEMENT HERITAGE, DRIVER OF DEVELOPMENT
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les pratiques les plus durables, qu
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Annick DANEELS (La construction en
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PARTIE 2 - Icomos

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