PARTIE 2 - Icomos

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Theme 2 Session 1 References The Impacts of the Enhancing Value of Traditional Architecture on Regional Development Chaipattana Foundation. “Self-sufficiency.” Available from http://www.chaipat.or.th; accessed 12 March 2011. Department of Tourism. Available from http://www.tourismthailand.org/; accessed 17 July 2011. Faculty of Architecture. Nakhara: Journal of Oriental Design and Planning volume 3, special edition on Amphawa, Chulalongkorn University, 2007. Güntü, E., Pirnir, I., and Yağci K. “Preserving Cultural Heritage and Possible Impacts on Regional Development; case of Izmir” Available from http://regional-studies-assoc.ac.uk; accessed 15 August 2011. National Statistical Office. “Visitor Statistics”. Available from http://www.nso.go.th; accessed 12 March 2011. Office of Education Council. Sectoral Innovative System for Learning-based and Creative Economy: Case Studies in Creative Tourism, Bangkok, 2010. Riganti, P. and Nikamp, P. “Valuing Cultural Heritage Benefits to Urban and Regional Development” Available from http://ideas.respec.org; accessed 15 August 2011. Siriwan Silapacharanan and Wannasilpa Peerapun. Amphawa: Community-based Tourism Management, Paper presented in the AAHM 2009 Conference, December 1-3, 2009. Institute of Tourism and Hospitality: Macao. The King Rama II Memorial Foundation under the Royal Patronage, Visitor Statistics, 2011. The National Socio-economic Development Board, Gross Provincial Product of Samut Songkhram Province, Available from http://www.nesdb.go.th; accessed 4 May 2011. Wilawan Phamornsuwan. Guidelines for Communities-based Tourism Management: A Case Study of Traditional Water-based Communities in Amphawa Municipality and Surrounding Areas, Samut Songkhram Province, 2010. 311 LE PATRIMOINE, MOTEUR DE DÉVELOPPEMENT HERITAGE, DRIVER OF DEVELOPMENT
Theme 2 Session 1 THE MACUTI HOUSE, TRADITIONAL BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ILHA DE MOÇAMBIQUE Silje Erøy Sollien Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture Copenhagen Denmark silje.sollien@kadk.dk http://macuti.wordpress.com Abstract. This paper is part of the initial phase of PhD research focusing on conservation of the macuti architecture in the World Heritage City of Ilha de Moçambique. It questions how initiatives to preserve traditional ways of building in this area, of which parts could be described as an urban slum, may reflect a sustainable return to the art of building. Implied is that preservation of this way of building may have a value in the form of strengthening cultural identity and possible environmental and socio-economic advantages. However, in order to overcome negative associations with colonial subordination, poverty and low social status, such initiatives need to be part of a wider programme of strengthening cultural and social capital among the population, avoiding division into tangible and intangible heritage management, and include broad ecological and socio-economic considerations. 1. Introduction Ilha de Moçambique is a small UNESCO World Heritage island city on the African Indian Ocean Coast. The city is divided into the colonial settlement founded after the landing of Vasco da Gama on his way to India, and the southern part first settled in the second half of the 19th century as a bairro indígena or native quarters for freed slaves and other local people. The two parts are known by the most characteristic building materials in the areas, "the stone and lime wash town" and "the macuti town", referring to the coconut palm leaf material originally covering the roofs* . Recently the listing criteria for the island have been proposed revised to reflect an increasing awareness of new aspects of local Indian Ocean culture based on Muslim social organization of the area, and generally related to a cultural mix resulting from more than 1000 years of long distance trade along the East African coast. To balance the conventional way of focussing on the colonial monuments when talking about heritage in Ilha, in the first criteria for the World Heritage listing has been specified "the traditional architecture of the Macuti", as well as the "unique blend of architectural styles" due to its situation in the middle of the trading route from India to Europe as stated in the original listing document** (ICOMOS, 1991; GACIM, 2010). At the same time emphasis is placed on the divided * In 1878 a line was drawn, north of which construction of plant material roofs was prohibited. The area is also known as Ponta da Ilha, "the tip of Ilha". The colonial population was divided into indígenas (natives) and colonial citizens of two classes. A different set of laws applied to the citizens and the natives. From the end of the 1930s, the indígena could become an assimilated citizen of 3rd class by abandoning native customs and adopting European ways like eating at a table and sleeping in a bed. It was difficult for indígenas to build in permanent materials, as a complicated process of applications and paying of taxes had to be completed, in practice making it impossible. The macuti house is thus strongly associated with the status of indígena. ** "incredible architectural unity" resulting "from uninterrupted use of the same building techniques with the same materials and the same decorative principles" was also part of the justification of the 312 LE PATRIMOINE, MOTEUR DE DÉVELOPPEMENT HERITAGE, DRIVER OF DEVELOPMENT
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