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For additional information concerning heat transfer and fluid mechanics, refer to the HEAT TRANSFER, THER- MODYNAMICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING or FLUID MECHANICS sections. For additional information concerning chemical process control, refer to the COMPUTERS, MEASUREMENT, AND CONTROLS section. For additonal information concerning statistical data analysis, refer to the following. Confidence Intervals See the subsection in the ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS section of this handbook. Statistical Quality Control See the subsection in the INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING section of this handbook. Linear Regression See the subsection in the ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS section of this handbook. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) See the subsection in the INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING section of this handbook. SELECTED RULES OF NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Alcohols Three systems of nomenclature are in general use. In the first the alkyl group attached to the hydroxyl group is named and the separate word alcohol is added. In the second system the higher alcohols are considered as derivatives of the first member of the series, which is called carbinol. The third method is the modified Geneva system in which (1) the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group determines the surname, (2) the ending e of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon is replaced by ol, (3) the carbon chain is numbered from the end that gives the hydroxyl group the smaller number, and (4) the side chains are named and their positions indicated by the proper number. Alcohols in general are divided into three classes. In primary alcohols the hydroxyl group is united to a primary carbon atom, that is, a carbon atom united directly to only one other carbon atom. Secondary alcohols have the hydroxyl group united to a secondary carbon atom, that is, one united to two other carbon atoms. Tertiary alcohols have the hydroxyl group united to a tertiary carbon atom, that is, one united to three other carbon atoms. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 101 Ethers Ethers are generally designated by naming the alkyl groups and adding the word ether. The group RO is known as an alkoxyl group. Ethers may also be named as alkoxy derivatives of hydrocarbons. Carboxylic Acids The name of each linear carboxylic acid is unique to the number of carbon atoms it contains. 1: (one carbon atom) Formic. 2: Acetic. 3: Propionic. 4: Butyric. 5: Valeric. 6: Caproic. 7: Enanthic. 8: Caprylic. 9: Pelargonic. 10: Capric. Aldehydes The common names of aldehydes are derived from the acids which would be formed on oxidation, that is, the acids having the same number of carbon atoms. In general the ic acid is dropped and aldehyde added. Ketones The common names of ketones are derived from the acid which on pryrolysis would yield the ketone. A second method, especially useful for naming mixed ketones, simply names the alkyl groups and adds the word ketone. The name is written as three separate words.
Common Names and Molecular Formulas of Some Industrial (Inorganic and Organic) Chemicals Common Name Chemical Name Molecular Formula Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl Cumene Styrene — Isopropyl benzene Vinyl benzene Hypochlorite ion C6H5CH(CH3)2 C6H5CH = CH2 OCl –1 — Chlorite ion ClO2 –1 — Chlorate ion ClO3 –1 — Perchlorate ion ClO4 –1 Gypsum Limestone Dolomite Calcium sulfate Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate CaSO4 CaCO3 MgCO3 Bauxite Anatase Rutile Aluminum oxide Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide Al2O3 TiO2 TiO2 Pyrite — — Vinyl chloride Ethylene oxide Ferrous sulfide CH2=CHCl C2H4O FeS Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate MgSO4 Hydroquinone Soda ash Salt p-Dihydroxy benzene Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride C6H4(OH)2 Na2CO3 NaCl Potash Baking soda Lye Potassium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium hydroxide K2CO3 NaHCO3 NaOH Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH — Carbolic acid Aniline Vinyl alcohol Phenol Aminobenzene CH2=CHOH C6H5OH C6H5NH2 — Toluene Xylene Urea Methyl benzene Dimethyl benzene (NH2)2CO C6H5CH3 C6H4(CH3)2 — — Neopentane Silane Ozone 2,2-Dimethylpropane SiH4 O3 CH3C(CH3)2CH3 Magnetite Quicksilver Ferrous/ferric oxide Mercury Fe3O4 Hg Heavy water Deuterium oxide (H 2 )2O — Borane BH3 Eyewash — Boric acid (solution) Deuterium H3BO3 H 2 — Tritium H 3 Laughing gas Nitrous oxide N2O — Phosgene COCl2 Wolfram Tungsten W — Permanganate ion MnO4 –1 — Dichromate ion Cr2O7 –2 — Hydronium ion H3O +1 Brine Sodium chloride (solution) NaCl Battery acid Sulfuric acid H2SO4 102 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (continued)
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIE
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Published by the National Council o
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CONTENTS Units.....................
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CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To O
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Case 4. Circle e = 0: (x - h) 2 + (
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MATRICES A matrix is an ordered rec
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Taylor's Series f ( x) = f ( a) ( a
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MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES No
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CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA Th
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Numerical Integration Three of the
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PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS A random vari
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Consider an unkn
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ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATIST
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22 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIB
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FORCE A force is a vector quantity.
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26 y y y y y y C Figure Area & Cent
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28 y y y Figure Area & Centroid Are
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Normal and Tangential Components y
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M is the moment applied to the part
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The figure shows a fourbar slider-c
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It may also be shown that the undam
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UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strai
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STATIC LOADING FAILURE THEORIES Bri
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Using the stress-strain relationshi
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DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC
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The Field Equation is derived when
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Specific fittings have characterist
Page 55 and 56: FLUID MEASUREMENTS The Pitot Tube -
Page 57 and 58: DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY AND DIMENSI
Page 59 and 60: MOODY (STANTON) DIAGRAM e, (ft) e,
Page 61 and 62: PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYST
Page 63 and 64: Mixers, Separators, Open or Closed
Page 65 and 66: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Therma
Page 67 and 68: Temp. o C T 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 3
Page 69 and 70: P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT HFC-134
Page 71 and 72: Gases Substance Air Argon Butane Ca
Page 73 and 74: RADIATION The radiation emitted by
Page 75 and 76: Use the cylinder diameter in the ev
Page 77 and 78: Shape Factor Relations Reciprocity
Page 79 and 80: For more information on Biology see
Page 81 and 82: Stoichiometry of Selected Biologica
Page 83 and 84: Avogadro's Number: The number of el
Page 85 and 86: 80 Specific Example IUPAC Name Comm
Page 87 and 88: MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATT
Page 89 and 90: HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the
Page 91 and 92: POLYMERS Classification of Polymers
Page 93 and 94: Signal Conditioning Signal conditio
Page 95 and 96: An alternative form commonly employ
Page 97 and 98: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Factor Name C
Page 99 and 100: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (continued) 9
Page 105: B. LICENSEE’S OBLIGATION TO EMPLO
Page 109 and 110: For mixtures of ideal gases: fi o =
Page 111 and 112: Distillation Definitions: α = rela
Page 113 and 114: Cost Segments of Fixed-Capital Inve
Page 115 and 116: Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids
Page 117 and 118: COARSE- GRAINED SOILS More than 50%
Page 119 and 120: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Influence Lines
Page 121 and 122: Pu A's As Mu A's As UNIFIED DESIGN
Page 123 and 124: SHORT COLUMNS Limits for main reinf
Page 125 and 126: GRAPH A.15 Column strength interact
Page 127 and 128: BEAMS: homogeneous beams, flexure a
Page 129 and 130: 124 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) B
Page 131 and 132: 126 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) A
Page 133 and 134: Fy = 50 ksi φb = 0.9 φv = 0.9 Sha
Page 135 and 136: ♦ 50.0 1.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 0.9 2.0 1
Page 137 and 138: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SELECTION T
Page 139 and 140: Kl r ASD Table C-50. Allowable Stre
Page 141 and 142: Open-Channel Flow Specific Energy 2
Page 143 and 144: Transportation Models See INDUSTRIA
Page 145 and 146: VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS L = Length
Page 147 and 148: EARTHWORK FORMULAS Average End Area
Page 149 and 150: , METERS , METERS 144 ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 151 and 152: Cyclone Cyclone Collection (Particl
Page 153 and 154: FATE AND TRANSPORT Microbial Kineti
Page 155 and 156: LANDFILL Break-Through Time for Lea
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152 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (cont
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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
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Exposure Residential Exposure Equat
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TOXICOLOGY Dose-Response Curves The
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♦ Aerobic Digestion Design criter
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where R Cin = stripping factor H′
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Bed Expansion Monosized Multisized
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Stokes' Law V t 2 ( ρp − ρf ) g
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Resistors in Series and Parallel Fo
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RC AND RL TRANSIENTS v R + V 1 −
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AC Machines The synchronous speed n
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LAPLACE TRANSFORMS The unilateral L
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Fourier Transform Pairs x(t) X(f) 1
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FM (Frequency Modulation) The phase
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180 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEE
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Ideal v2 vo
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FLIP-FLOPS A flip-flop is a device
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Standard Deviation Charts n A3 B3 B
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LINEAR REGRESSION Least Squares bx
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ERGONOMICS NIOSH Formula Recommende
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PERT (aij, bij, cij) = (optimistic,
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Table A. Tests o
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ERGONOMICS U.S. Civilian Body Dimen
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202 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING (continu
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The deflection θ and moment Fr are
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Failure by crushing of rivet or mem
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Only the tangential component Wt tr
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Cooling and Dehumidification ω Q
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Cycles and Processes Internal Combu
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Steam Trap Junction Pump See also T
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Compressor Isentropic Efficiency: w
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Infiltration Air change method ρ c
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compressible fluid, 50 compression
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jet propulsion, 48 JFETs, 182, 184
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esultant, 24 retardation factor R,
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State Code School Alabama Universit
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State Code School Minnesota Univers
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State Code School Virginia (Cont'd)
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