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If the ambient fluid temperature varies periodically according to the equation 1 T∞ = T∞,mean+ ( T∞, max−T∞, min) cos ω t 2 the temperature of the body, after initial transients have died away, is βc2 ⎡ −1 ω ⎤ T = cos ⎢ωt− tan ⎥+ c1, where 2 2 ω +β ⎣ β ⎦ c = T 1 , ∞ mean 1 c2 = ( T∞, max−T∞, min) 2 hAs β = ρcV p Natural (Free) Convection For free convection between a vertical flat plate (or a vertical cylinder of sufficiently large diameter) and a large body of stationary fluid, h = C (k/L) RaL n , where L = the length of the plate in the vertical direction, RaL = Rayleigh Number = β ( T − T ) g s ∞ 2 Ts = surface temperature, T∞ = fluid temperature, β = 2 coefficient of thermal expansion ( Ts + T∞ for an v = ideal gas where T is absolute temperature), and kinematic viscosity. v L 3 Pr, Range of RaL C n 10 4 – 10 9 10 9 – 10 13 0.59 0.10 1/4 1/3 For free convection between a long horizontal cylinder and a large body of stationary fluid Ra D = C( k D) n D ( T − T 3 ) D h = Ra , where gβ s v 2 ∞ Pr Range of RaD C n 10 –3 – 10 2 10 2 – 10 4 10 4 – 10 7 10 7 – 10 12 1.02 0.850 0.480 0.125 0.148 0.188 0.250 0.333 71 HEAT TRANSFER (continued) Radiation Two-Body Problem Applicable to any two diffuse-gray surfaces that form an enclosure. Q� 12 Generalized Cases Radiation Shields 1 1 4 4 ( T − T ) σ 1 = 1− ε1 1 + ε A A F 1 12 2 1− ε + ε A One-dimensional geometry with low-emissivity shield inserted between two parallel plates. Q� 12 = 1− ε ε A 1 1 1 1 + A F 1 13 σ 1− ε + ε A 3, 1 2 2 2 4 4 ( T − T ) 3, 1 3 1 2 1− ε + ε A 3, 2 3, 2 3 1 + A F 3 32 1− ε + ε A 2 2 2
Shape Factor Relations Reciprocity relations: AiFij = AjFji Summation rule: N ij j= 1 ∑ F = 1 Reradiating Surface Reradiating surfaces are considered to be insulated, or adiabatic ( Q� R = 0 ). Q� 12 = 1− ε ε A 1 1 1 + A F 1 12 σ 4 4 ( T − T ) 1 ⎡⎛ 1 + ⎢ ⎜ ⎢⎣ ⎝ A F 1 1R 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎟ + ⎜ ⎠ ⎝ A2F 2R ⎞⎤ ⎟ ⎟⎥ ⎠⎥⎦ −1 1− ε + ε A 2 2 2 72 HEAT TRANSFER (continued)
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIE
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Published by the National Council o
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CONTENTS Units.....................
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CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To O
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Case 4. Circle e = 0: (x - h) 2 + (
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MATRICES A matrix is an ordered rec
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Taylor's Series f ( x) = f ( a) ( a
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MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES No
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CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA Th
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Numerical Integration Three of the
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PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS A random vari
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Consider an unkn
Page 25 and 26: ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATIST
Page 27 and 28: 22 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIB
Page 29 and 30: FORCE A force is a vector quantity.
Page 31 and 32: 26 y y y y y y C Figure Area & Cent
Page 33 and 34: 28 y y y Figure Area & Centroid Are
Page 35 and 36: Normal and Tangential Components y
Page 37 and 38: M is the moment applied to the part
Page 39 and 40: The figure shows a fourbar slider-c
Page 41 and 42: It may also be shown that the undam
Page 43 and 44: UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strai
Page 45 and 46: STATIC LOADING FAILURE THEORIES Bri
Page 47 and 48: Using the stress-strain relationshi
Page 49 and 50: DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC
Page 51 and 52: The Field Equation is derived when
Page 53 and 54: Specific fittings have characterist
Page 55 and 56: FLUID MEASUREMENTS The Pitot Tube -
Page 57 and 58: DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY AND DIMENSI
Page 59 and 60: MOODY (STANTON) DIAGRAM e, (ft) e,
Page 61 and 62: PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYST
Page 63 and 64: Mixers, Separators, Open or Closed
Page 65 and 66: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Therma
Page 67 and 68: Temp. o C T 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 3
Page 69 and 70: P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT HFC-134
Page 71 and 72: Gases Substance Air Argon Butane Ca
Page 73 and 74: RADIATION The radiation emitted by
Page 75: Use the cylinder diameter in the ev
Page 79 and 80: For more information on Biology see
Page 81 and 82: Stoichiometry of Selected Biologica
Page 83 and 84: Avogadro's Number: The number of el
Page 85 and 86: 80 Specific Example IUPAC Name Comm
Page 87 and 88: MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATT
Page 89 and 90: HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the
Page 91 and 92: POLYMERS Classification of Polymers
Page 93 and 94: Signal Conditioning Signal conditio
Page 95 and 96: An alternative form commonly employ
Page 97 and 98: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Factor Name C
Page 99 and 100: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (continued) 9
Page 105 and 106: B. LICENSEE’S OBLIGATION TO EMPLO
Page 107 and 108: Common Names and Molecular Formulas
Page 109 and 110: For mixtures of ideal gases: fi o =
Page 111 and 112: Distillation Definitions: α = rela
Page 113 and 114: Cost Segments of Fixed-Capital Inve
Page 115 and 116: Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids
Page 117 and 118: COARSE- GRAINED SOILS More than 50%
Page 119 and 120: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Influence Lines
Page 121 and 122: Pu A's As Mu A's As UNIFIED DESIGN
Page 123 and 124: SHORT COLUMNS Limits for main reinf
Page 125 and 126: GRAPH A.15 Column strength interact
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BEAMS: homogeneous beams, flexure a
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124 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) B
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126 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) A
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Fy = 50 ksi φb = 0.9 φv = 0.9 Sha
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♦ 50.0 1.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 0.9 2.0 1
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ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SELECTION T
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Kl r ASD Table C-50. Allowable Stre
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Open-Channel Flow Specific Energy 2
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Transportation Models See INDUSTRIA
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VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS L = Length
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EARTHWORK FORMULAS Average End Area
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, METERS , METERS 144 ENVIRONMENTAL
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Cyclone Cyclone Collection (Particl
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FATE AND TRANSPORT Microbial Kineti
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LANDFILL Break-Through Time for Lea
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152 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (cont
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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
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Exposure Residential Exposure Equat
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TOXICOLOGY Dose-Response Curves The
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♦ Aerobic Digestion Design criter
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where R Cin = stripping factor H′
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Bed Expansion Monosized Multisized
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Stokes' Law V t 2 ( ρp − ρf ) g
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Resistors in Series and Parallel Fo
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RC AND RL TRANSIENTS v R + V 1 −
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AC Machines The synchronous speed n
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LAPLACE TRANSFORMS The unilateral L
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Fourier Transform Pairs x(t) X(f) 1
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FM (Frequency Modulation) The phase
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180 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEE
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Ideal v2 vo
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FLIP-FLOPS A flip-flop is a device
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Standard Deviation Charts n A3 B3 B
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LINEAR REGRESSION Least Squares bx
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ERGONOMICS NIOSH Formula Recommende
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PERT (aij, bij, cij) = (optimistic,
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Table A. Tests o
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ERGONOMICS U.S. Civilian Body Dimen
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202 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING (continu
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The deflection θ and moment Fr are
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Failure by crushing of rivet or mem
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Only the tangential component Wt tr
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Cooling and Dehumidification ω Q
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Cycles and Processes Internal Combu
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Steam Trap Junction Pump See also T
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Compressor Isentropic Efficiency: w
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Infiltration Air change method ρ c
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compressible fluid, 50 compression
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jet propulsion, 48 JFETs, 182, 184
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esultant, 24 retardation factor R,
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State Code School Alabama Universit
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State Code School Minnesota Univers
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State Code School Virginia (Cont'd)
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