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Gross Axle Load HIGHWAY PAVEMENT DESIGN AASHTO Structural Number Equation SN = a1D1 + a2D2 +…+ anDn, where SN = structural number for the pavement ai = layer coefficient and Di = thickness of layer (inches). Load Equivalency Factors 141 Gross Axle Load kN lb Single Axles Tandem Axles kN lb 4.45 1,000 0.00002 187.0 42,000 8.9 2,000 0.00018 195.7 44,000 17.8 4,000 0.00209 200.0 45,000 22.25 5,000 0.00500 204.5 46,000 26.7 6,000 0.01043 213.5 48,000 35.6 8,000 0.0343 222.4 50,000 44.5 10,000 0.0877 0.00688 231.3 52,000 53.4 12,000 0.189 0.0144 240.2 54,000 62.3 14,000 0.360 0.0270 244.6 55,000 66.7 15,000 0.478 0.0360 249.0 56,000 71.2 16,000 0.623 0.0472 258.0 58,000 80.0 18,000 1.000 0.0773 267.0 60,000 89.0 20,000 1.51 0.1206 275.8 62,000 97.8 22,000 2.18 0.180 284.5 64,000 106.8 24,000 3.03 0.260 289.0 65,000 111.2 25,000 3.53 0.308 293.5 66,000 115.6 26,000 4.09 0.364 302.5 68,000 124.5 28,000 5.39 0.495 311.5 70,000 133.5 30,000 6.97 0.658 320.0 72,000 142.3 32,000 8.88 0.857 329.0 74,000 151.2 34,000 11.18 1.095 333.5 75,000 155.7 35,000 12.50 1.23 338.0 76,000 160.0 36,000 13.93 1.38 347.0 78,000 169.0 38,000 17.20 1.70 356.0 80,000 178.0 40,000 21.08 2.08 Note: kN converted to lb are within 0.1 percent of lb shown. CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) Load Equivalency Single Axles 25.64 31.00 34.00 37.24 44.50 52.88 Factors Tandem Axles 2.51 3.00 3.27 3.55 4.17 4.86 5.63 6.47 6.93 7.41 8.45 9.59 10.84 12.22 12.96 13.73 15.38 17.19 19.16 21.32 22.47 23.66 26.22 28.99
EARTHWORK FORMULAS Average End Area Formula, V = L(A1 + A2)/2 Prismoidal Formula, V = L (A1 + 4Am + A2)/6, where Am = area of mid-section Pyramid or Cone, V = h (Area of Base)/3 where L = distance between A1 and A2 AREA FORMULAS Area by Coordinates: Area = [XA (YB – YN) + XB (YC – YA) + XC (YD – YB) + ... + XN (YA – YN–1)] / 2 ⎛ h1 + hn ⎞ Trapezoidal Rule: Area = w ⎜ + h2 + h3 + h4 + … + hn−1 ⎟ w = common interval ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ ⎛ n−2 ⎞ ⎛ n−1 ⎞ ⎤ Simpson's 1/3 Rule: Area = w⎢h1 + 2⎜ ∑ hk ⎟ + 4⎜ ∑ hk ⎟ + hn ⎥ 3 ⎣ ⎝ k = 3, 5, … ⎠ ⎝ k = 2, 4, … ⎠ ⎦ 142 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) n must be odd number of measurements w = common interval
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIE
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Published by the National Council o
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CONTENTS Units.....................
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CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To O
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Case 4. Circle e = 0: (x - h) 2 + (
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MATRICES A matrix is an ordered rec
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Taylor's Series f ( x) = f ( a) ( a
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MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES No
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CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA Th
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Numerical Integration Three of the
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PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS A random vari
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Consider an unkn
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ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATIST
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22 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIB
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FORCE A force is a vector quantity.
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26 y y y y y y C Figure Area & Cent
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28 y y y Figure Area & Centroid Are
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Normal and Tangential Components y
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M is the moment applied to the part
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The figure shows a fourbar slider-c
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It may also be shown that the undam
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UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strai
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STATIC LOADING FAILURE THEORIES Bri
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Using the stress-strain relationshi
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DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC
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The Field Equation is derived when
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Specific fittings have characterist
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FLUID MEASUREMENTS The Pitot Tube -
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DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY AND DIMENSI
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MOODY (STANTON) DIAGRAM e, (ft) e,
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PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYST
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Mixers, Separators, Open or Closed
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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Therma
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Temp. o C T 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 3
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P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT HFC-134
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Gases Substance Air Argon Butane Ca
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RADIATION The radiation emitted by
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Use the cylinder diameter in the ev
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Shape Factor Relations Reciprocity
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For more information on Biology see
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Stoichiometry of Selected Biologica
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Avogadro's Number: The number of el
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80 Specific Example IUPAC Name Comm
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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATT
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HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the
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POLYMERS Classification of Polymers
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Signal Conditioning Signal conditio
Page 95 and 96: An alternative form commonly employ
Page 97 and 98: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Factor Name C
Page 99 and 100: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (continued) 9
Page 105 and 106: B. LICENSEE’S OBLIGATION TO EMPLO
Page 107 and 108: Common Names and Molecular Formulas
Page 109 and 110: For mixtures of ideal gases: fi o =
Page 111 and 112: Distillation Definitions: α = rela
Page 113 and 114: Cost Segments of Fixed-Capital Inve
Page 115 and 116: Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids
Page 117 and 118: COARSE- GRAINED SOILS More than 50%
Page 119 and 120: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Influence Lines
Page 121 and 122: Pu A's As Mu A's As UNIFIED DESIGN
Page 123 and 124: SHORT COLUMNS Limits for main reinf
Page 125 and 126: GRAPH A.15 Column strength interact
Page 127 and 128: BEAMS: homogeneous beams, flexure a
Page 129 and 130: 124 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) B
Page 131 and 132: 126 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) A
Page 133 and 134: Fy = 50 ksi φb = 0.9 φv = 0.9 Sha
Page 135 and 136: ♦ 50.0 1.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 0.9 2.0 1
Page 137 and 138: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SELECTION T
Page 139 and 140: Kl r ASD Table C-50. Allowable Stre
Page 141 and 142: Open-Channel Flow Specific Energy 2
Page 143 and 144: Transportation Models See INDUSTRIA
Page 145: VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS L = Length
Page 149 and 150: , METERS , METERS 144 ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 151 and 152: Cyclone Cyclone Collection (Particl
Page 153 and 154: FATE AND TRANSPORT Microbial Kineti
Page 155 and 156: LANDFILL Break-Through Time for Lea
Page 157 and 158: 152 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (cont
Page 159 and 160: No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
Page 161 and 162: Exposure Residential Exposure Equat
Page 163 and 164: TOXICOLOGY Dose-Response Curves The
Page 165 and 166: ♦ Aerobic Digestion Design criter
Page 167 and 168: where R Cin = stripping factor H′
Page 169 and 170: Bed Expansion Monosized Multisized
Page 171 and 172: Stokes' Law V t 2 ( ρp − ρf ) g
Page 173 and 174: Resistors in Series and Parallel Fo
Page 175 and 176: RC AND RL TRANSIENTS v R + V 1 −
Page 177 and 178: AC Machines The synchronous speed n
Page 179 and 180: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS The unilateral L
Page 181 and 182: Fourier Transform Pairs x(t) X(f) 1
Page 183 and 184: FM (Frequency Modulation) The phase
Page 185 and 186: 180 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEE
Page 187 and 188: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Ideal v2 vo
Page 193 and 194: FLIP-FLOPS A flip-flop is a device
Page 195 and 196: Standard Deviation Charts n A3 B3 B
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LINEAR REGRESSION Least Squares bx
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ERGONOMICS NIOSH Formula Recommende
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PERT (aij, bij, cij) = (optimistic,
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Table A. Tests o
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ERGONOMICS U.S. Civilian Body Dimen
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202 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING (continu
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The deflection θ and moment Fr are
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Failure by crushing of rivet or mem
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Only the tangential component Wt tr
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Cooling and Dehumidification ω Q
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Cycles and Processes Internal Combu
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Steam Trap Junction Pump See also T
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Compressor Isentropic Efficiency: w
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Infiltration Air change method ρ c
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compressible fluid, 50 compression
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jet propulsion, 48 JFETs, 182, 184
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esultant, 24 retardation factor R,
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State Code School Alabama Universit
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State Code School Minnesota Univers
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State Code School Virginia (Cont'd)
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