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TESTING METHODS Standard Tensile Test Using the standard tensile test, one can determine elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility (% elongation). (See Mechanics of Materials section.) Endurance Test Endurance tests (fatigue tests to find endurance limit) apply a cyclical loading of constant maximum amplitude. The plot (usually semi-log or log-log) of the maximum stress (σ) and the number (N) of cycles to failure is known as an S-N plot. The figure below is typical of steel, but may not be true for other metals; i.e., aluminum alloys, etc. σ KNEE LOG N (CYCLES) ENDURANCE LIMIT The endurance stress (endurance limit or fatigue limit) is the maximum stress which can be repeated indefinitely without causing failure. The fatigue life is the number of cycles required to cause failure for a given stress level. Impact Test The Charpy Impact Test is used to find energy required to fracture and to identify ductile to brittle transition. Impact tests determine the amount of energy required to cause failure in standardized test samples. The tests are repeated over a range of temperatures to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature. Creep Creep occurs under load at elevated temperatures. The general equation describing creep is: Q e ( RT) n dε − = Aσ dt 83 MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued) where: ε = strain, t = time, A = pre-exponential constant, σ = applied stress, n = stress sensitivity, For polymers below, the glass transition temperature, Tg, n is typically between 2 and 4, and Q is ≥100 kJ/mol. Above Tg, n is typically between 6 and 10 and Q is ~ 30 kJ/mol. For metals and ceramics, n is typically between 3 and 10, and Q is between 80 and 200 kJ/mol. STRESS CONCENTRATION IN BRITTLE MATERIALS When a crack is present in a material loaded in tension, the stress is intensified in the vicinity of the crack tip. This phenomenon can cause significant loss in overall ability of a member to support a tensile load. K I = yσ πa KI = the stress intensity in tension, MPa m (1/2) , y = is a geometric parameter, y = 1 for interior crack y = 1.1 for exterior crack σ = is the nominal applied stress, and a = is crack length as shown in the two diagrams below. a Exterior Crack (y = 1.1) Interior Crack (y = 1) The critical value of stress intensity at which catastrophic crack propagation occurs, KIc, is a material property. Representative Values of Fracture Toughness Material KIc (MPa•m 1/2 ) KIc (ksi•in 1/2 ) A1 2014-T651 24.2 22 A1 2024-T3 44 40 52100 Steel 14.3 13 4340 Steel 46 42 Alumina 4.5 4.1 Silicon Carbide 3.5 3.2 2a
HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the "ease" with which hardness may be attained. Hardness is a measure of resistance to plastic deformation. ♦ ♦ JOMINY HARDENABILITY CURVES FOR SIX STEELS COOLING RATES FOR BARS QUENCHED IN AGITATED WATER 84 ♦ MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued) COOLING RATES FOR BARS QUENCHED IN AGITATED OIL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH For steels, there is a general relationship between Brinell hardness and tensile strength as follows: TS (psi) � 500 BHN TS (MPa) � 3.5 BHN ASTM GRAIN SIZE SV = 2PL ( −1 2 ) 2 = n N ( 0.0645 mm ) N actual N = , where Actual Area . 2 ( 0 0645 mm ) SV = grain-boundary surface per unit volume, PL = number of points of intersection per unit length between the line and the boundaries, N = number of grains observed in a area of 0.0645 mm 2 , and n = grain size (nearest integer > 1). ♦ Van Vlack, L., Elements of Materials Science & Engineering, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Inc., 1989.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIE
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Published by the National Council o
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CONTENTS Units.....................
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CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To O
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Case 4. Circle e = 0: (x - h) 2 + (
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MATRICES A matrix is an ordered rec
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Taylor's Series f ( x) = f ( a) ( a
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MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES No
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CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA Th
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Numerical Integration Three of the
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PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS A random vari
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Consider an unkn
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ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATIST
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22 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIB
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FORCE A force is a vector quantity.
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26 y y y y y y C Figure Area & Cent
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28 y y y Figure Area & Centroid Are
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Normal and Tangential Components y
Page 37 and 38: M is the moment applied to the part
Page 39 and 40: The figure shows a fourbar slider-c
Page 41 and 42: It may also be shown that the undam
Page 43 and 44: UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strai
Page 45 and 46: STATIC LOADING FAILURE THEORIES Bri
Page 47 and 48: Using the stress-strain relationshi
Page 49 and 50: DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC
Page 51 and 52: The Field Equation is derived when
Page 53 and 54: Specific fittings have characterist
Page 55 and 56: FLUID MEASUREMENTS The Pitot Tube -
Page 57 and 58: DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY AND DIMENSI
Page 59 and 60: MOODY (STANTON) DIAGRAM e, (ft) e,
Page 61 and 62: PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYST
Page 63 and 64: Mixers, Separators, Open or Closed
Page 65 and 66: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Therma
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Page 69 and 70: P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT HFC-134
Page 71 and 72: Gases Substance Air Argon Butane Ca
Page 73 and 74: RADIATION The radiation emitted by
Page 75 and 76: Use the cylinder diameter in the ev
Page 77 and 78: Shape Factor Relations Reciprocity
Page 79 and 80: For more information on Biology see
Page 81 and 82: Stoichiometry of Selected Biologica
Page 83 and 84: Avogadro's Number: The number of el
Page 85 and 86: 80 Specific Example IUPAC Name Comm
Page 87: MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATT
Page 91 and 92: POLYMERS Classification of Polymers
Page 93 and 94: Signal Conditioning Signal conditio
Page 95 and 96: An alternative form commonly employ
Page 97 and 98: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Factor Name C
Page 99 and 100: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (continued) 9
Page 105 and 106: B. LICENSEE’S OBLIGATION TO EMPLO
Page 107 and 108: Common Names and Molecular Formulas
Page 109 and 110: For mixtures of ideal gases: fi o =
Page 111 and 112: Distillation Definitions: α = rela
Page 113 and 114: Cost Segments of Fixed-Capital Inve
Page 115 and 116: Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids
Page 117 and 118: COARSE- GRAINED SOILS More than 50%
Page 119 and 120: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Influence Lines
Page 121 and 122: Pu A's As Mu A's As UNIFIED DESIGN
Page 123 and 124: SHORT COLUMNS Limits for main reinf
Page 125 and 126: GRAPH A.15 Column strength interact
Page 127 and 128: BEAMS: homogeneous beams, flexure a
Page 129 and 130: 124 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) B
Page 131 and 132: 126 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) A
Page 133 and 134: Fy = 50 ksi φb = 0.9 φv = 0.9 Sha
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Page 137 and 138: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SELECTION T
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Kl r ASD Table C-50. Allowable Stre
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Open-Channel Flow Specific Energy 2
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Transportation Models See INDUSTRIA
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VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS L = Length
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EARTHWORK FORMULAS Average End Area
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, METERS , METERS 144 ENVIRONMENTAL
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Cyclone Cyclone Collection (Particl
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FATE AND TRANSPORT Microbial Kineti
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LANDFILL Break-Through Time for Lea
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152 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (cont
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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
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Exposure Residential Exposure Equat
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TOXICOLOGY Dose-Response Curves The
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♦ Aerobic Digestion Design criter
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where R Cin = stripping factor H′
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Bed Expansion Monosized Multisized
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Stokes' Law V t 2 ( ρp − ρf ) g
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Resistors in Series and Parallel Fo
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RC AND RL TRANSIENTS v R + V 1 −
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AC Machines The synchronous speed n
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LAPLACE TRANSFORMS The unilateral L
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Fourier Transform Pairs x(t) X(f) 1
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FM (Frequency Modulation) The phase
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180 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEE
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Ideal v2 vo
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FLIP-FLOPS A flip-flop is a device
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Standard Deviation Charts n A3 B3 B
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LINEAR REGRESSION Least Squares bx
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ERGONOMICS NIOSH Formula Recommende
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PERT (aij, bij, cij) = (optimistic,
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Table A. Tests o
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ERGONOMICS U.S. Civilian Body Dimen
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202 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING (continu
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The deflection θ and moment Fr are
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Failure by crushing of rivet or mem
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Only the tangential component Wt tr
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Cooling and Dehumidification ω Q
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Cycles and Processes Internal Combu
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Steam Trap Junction Pump See also T
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Compressor Isentropic Efficiency: w
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Infiltration Air change method ρ c
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compressible fluid, 50 compression
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jet propulsion, 48 JFETs, 182, 184
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esultant, 24 retardation factor R,
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State Code School Alabama Universit
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State Code School Minnesota Univers
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State Code School Virginia (Cont'd)
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