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Characteristics of selected microbial cells
Organism genus or type Type Metabolism 1 Gram
reaction 2
Escherichia Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-facultative Negative
Enterobacter Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-facultative Negative
Bacillus Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-aerobic Positive
Lactobacillus Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-facultative Variable
Staphylococcus Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-facultative Positive
Nitrobacter Bacteria
Rhizobium Bacteria
Pseudomonas Bacteria
Chemoautotroph-aerobic; can use
nitrite as electron donor
Chemoorganotroph-aerobic; nitrogen
fixing
Chemoorganotroph-aerobic and some
chemolithotroph facultative (using
NO3 as electron acceptor)
75
Negative
Negative
Negative
Thiobacillus Bacteria Chemoautotroph-facultative Negative
Clostridium Bacteria Chemoorganotroph-anaerobic Positive
Methanobacterium Bacteria Chemoautotroph-anaerobic Unknown
Chromatium Bacteria Photoautotroph-anaerobic N/A
Spirogyra Alga Photoautotroph-aerobic N/A
Aspergillus Mold
Candida Yeast
Chemoorganotroph-aerobic and
facultative
Chemoorganotroph-aerobic and
facultative
Saccharomyces Yeast Chemoorganotroph-facultative --
--
--
BIOLOGY (continued)
Morphological
characteristics 3
Rod–may or may not be
motile, variable extracellular
material
Rod–motile; significant
extracellular material
Rod–usually motile; spore;
can be significant extracellular
material
Rod–chains–usually
nonmotile; little extracellular
material
Cocci–nonmotile; moderate
extracellular material
Short rod–usually nonmotile;
little extracellular material
Rods–motile; copious
extracellular slime
Rods–motile; little
extracellular slime
Rods–motile; little
extracellular slime
Rods–usually motile; spore;
some extracellular slime
Rods or cocci–motility
unknown; some extracellular
slime
Rods–motile; some
extracellular material
Rod/filaments; little
extracellular material
Filamentous fan-like or
cylindrical conidia and various
spores
Usually oval, but can form
elongated cells, mycelia and
various spores
Spherical or ellipsoidal;
reproduced by budding; can
form various spores
1
Aerobic – requires or can use oxygen as an electron receptor.
Facultative – can vary the electron receptor from oxygen to organic materials.
Anaerobic – organic or inorganics other than oxygen serve as electron acceptor.
Chemoorganotrophs – derive energy and carbon from organic materials.
Chemoautotrophs – derive energy from organic carbons and carbon from carbon dioxide. Some species can also derive energy from inorganic sources.
Photolithotrophs – derive energy from light and carbon from CO2. May be aerobic or anaerobic.
2
Gram negative indicates a complex cell wall with a lipopolychaccharide outer layer; Gram positive indicates a less complicated cell wall with a
peptide-based outer layer.
3
Extracellular material production usually increases with reduced oxygen levels (e.g., facultative). Carbon source also affects production; extracellular
material may be polysaccharides and/or proteins; statements above are to be understood as general in nature.
Pelczar, M.J., R.D. Reid, and E.C.S. Chan, Microbiology. McGraw-Hill, 1977.