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Turbulent Flow Impeller Mixer P = KT (n) 3 (Di) 5 ρf, where KT = impeller constant (see table), n = rotational speed (rev/sec), and Di = impeller diameter (m). Values of the Impeller Constant KT (Assume Turbulent Flow) Type of Impeller KT Propeller, pitch of 1, 3 blades 0.32 Propeller, pitch of 2, 3 blades 1.00 Turbine, 6 flat blades, vaned disc 6.30 Turbine, 6 curved blades 4.80 Fan turbine, 6 blades at 45° 1.65 Shrouded turbine, 6 curved blades 1.08 Shrouded turbine, with stator, no baffles 1.12 Note: Constant assumes baffled tanks having four baffles at the tank wall with a width equal to 10% of the tank diameter. J. H. Rushton, "Mixing of Liquids in Chemical Processing," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, v. 44, no. 12, p. 2931, 1952. Reverse Osmosis Osmotic Pressure of Solutions of Electrolytes n π=φ v RT , where Vol π = osmotic pressure, φ = osmotic coefficient, v = number of ions formed from one molecule of electrolyte, n = number of moles of electrolyte, Vol = volume of solvent, R = universal gas constant, and T = absolute pressure. 165 Salt Flux through the Membrane ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (continued) Js = Js = (Ds Ks / ∆Z)(Cin – Cout), where salt flux through the membrane [gmol/(cm 2 ⋅s)], Ds = diffusivity of the solute in the membrane (cm 2 /s), Ks = solute distribution coefficient (dimensionless), C = concentration (gmol/cm 3 ), ∆Z = membrane thickness (cm), and Js = Kp × (Cin – Cout) Kp = membrane solute mass transfer coefficient = Ds K s (L/t, cm/s). ∆ Z Water Flux Jw = Wp × (∆P – ∆π), where Jw = water flux through the membrane [gmol/(cm 2 ⋅ s)], Wp = coefficient of water permeation, a characteristic of the particular membrane [gmol/(cm 2 ⋅ s ⋅ atm)], ∆P = pressure differential across membrane = Pin – Pout (atm), and ∆π = osmotic pressure differential across membrane πin – πout (atm). Settling Equations General Spherical C D V t = ( ρp −ρf ) 43g d C ρ ( ) = 24 Re Laminar; Re ≤1.0 ( ) D f 4 ( Re ) ( ) = 24 3 Re + 12+ 0.34 Transitional Re = 0.4 Turbulent; ≥10 Re = Reynolds number = ρ Vtd , where µ g = gravitational constant, ρp and ρf = density of particle and fluid respectively, d = diameter of sphere, CD = spherical drag coefficient, µ = bulk viscosity of liquid = absolute viscosity, and V t = terminal settling velocity.
Stokes' Law V t 2 ( ρp − ρf ) g d = 18µ Approach velocity = horizontal velocity = Q/Ax, Hydraulic loading rate = Q/A, and Hydraulic residence time = Vol/Q = θ. where Q = flow rate, Ax = cross-sectional area, A = surface area, plan view, and Vol = tank volume. 166 Ultrafiltration J w 2 ∫ ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (continued) εr ∆P = 8µδ , where ε = membrane porosity, r = membrane pore size, ∆P = net transmembrane pressure, µ = viscosity, δ = membrane thickness, and Jw = volumetric flux (m/s).
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIE
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Published by the National Council o
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CONTENTS Units.....................
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CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To O
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Case 4. Circle e = 0: (x - h) 2 + (
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MATRICES A matrix is an ordered rec
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Taylor's Series f ( x) = f ( a) ( a
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MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES No
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CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA Th
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Numerical Integration Three of the
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PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS A random vari
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING Consider an unkn
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ENGINEERING PROBABILITY AND STATIST
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22 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIB
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FORCE A force is a vector quantity.
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26 y y y y y y C Figure Area & Cent
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28 y y y Figure Area & Centroid Are
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Normal and Tangential Components y
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M is the moment applied to the part
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The figure shows a fourbar slider-c
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It may also be shown that the undam
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UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strai
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STATIC LOADING FAILURE THEORIES Bri
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Using the stress-strain relationshi
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DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC
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The Field Equation is derived when
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Specific fittings have characterist
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FLUID MEASUREMENTS The Pitot Tube -
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DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY AND DIMENSI
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MOODY (STANTON) DIAGRAM e, (ft) e,
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PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYST
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Mixers, Separators, Open or Closed
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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Therma
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Temp. o C T 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 3
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P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT HFC-134
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Gases Substance Air Argon Butane Ca
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RADIATION The radiation emitted by
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Use the cylinder diameter in the ev
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Shape Factor Relations Reciprocity
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For more information on Biology see
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Stoichiometry of Selected Biologica
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Avogadro's Number: The number of el
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80 Specific Example IUPAC Name Comm
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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATT
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HARDENABILITY Hardenability is the
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POLYMERS Classification of Polymers
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Signal Conditioning Signal conditio
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An alternative form commonly employ
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ENGINEERING ECONOMICS Factor Name C
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ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (continued) 9
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B. LICENSEE’S OBLIGATION TO EMPLO
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Common Names and Molecular Formulas
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For mixtures of ideal gases: fi o =
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Distillation Definitions: α = rela
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Cost Segments of Fixed-Capital Inve
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Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids
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COARSE- GRAINED SOILS More than 50%
Page 119 and 120: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Influence Lines
Page 121 and 122: Pu A's As Mu A's As UNIFIED DESIGN
Page 123 and 124: SHORT COLUMNS Limits for main reinf
Page 125 and 126: GRAPH A.15 Column strength interact
Page 127 and 128: BEAMS: homogeneous beams, flexure a
Page 129 and 130: 124 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) B
Page 131 and 132: 126 CIVIL ENGINEERING (continued) A
Page 133 and 134: Fy = 50 ksi φb = 0.9 φv = 0.9 Sha
Page 135 and 136: ♦ 50.0 1.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 0.9 2.0 1
Page 137 and 138: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SELECTION T
Page 139 and 140: Kl r ASD Table C-50. Allowable Stre
Page 141 and 142: Open-Channel Flow Specific Energy 2
Page 143 and 144: Transportation Models See INDUSTRIA
Page 145 and 146: VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS L = Length
Page 147 and 148: EARTHWORK FORMULAS Average End Area
Page 149 and 150: , METERS , METERS 144 ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 151 and 152: Cyclone Cyclone Collection (Particl
Page 153 and 154: FATE AND TRANSPORT Microbial Kineti
Page 155 and 156: LANDFILL Break-Through Time for Lea
Page 157 and 158: 152 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (cont
Page 159 and 160: No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
Page 161 and 162: Exposure Residential Exposure Equat
Page 163 and 164: TOXICOLOGY Dose-Response Curves The
Page 165 and 166: ♦ Aerobic Digestion Design criter
Page 167 and 168: where R Cin = stripping factor H′
Page 169: Bed Expansion Monosized Multisized
Page 173 and 174: Resistors in Series and Parallel Fo
Page 175 and 176: RC AND RL TRANSIENTS v R + V 1 −
Page 177 and 178: AC Machines The synchronous speed n
Page 179 and 180: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS The unilateral L
Page 181 and 182: Fourier Transform Pairs x(t) X(f) 1
Page 183 and 184: FM (Frequency Modulation) The phase
Page 185 and 186: 180 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEE
Page 187 and 188: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Ideal v2 vo
Page 193 and 194: FLIP-FLOPS A flip-flop is a device
Page 195 and 196: Standard Deviation Charts n A3 B3 B
Page 197 and 198: LINEAR REGRESSION Least Squares bx
Page 199 and 200: ERGONOMICS NIOSH Formula Recommende
Page 201 and 202: PERT (aij, bij, cij) = (optimistic,
Page 203 and 204: HYPOTHESIS TESTING Table A. Tests o
Page 205 and 206: ERGONOMICS U.S. Civilian Body Dimen
Page 207 and 208: 202 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING (continu
Page 209 and 210: The deflection θ and moment Fr are
Page 211 and 212: Failure by crushing of rivet or mem
Page 213 and 214: Only the tangential component Wt tr
Page 215 and 216: Cooling and Dehumidification ω Q
Page 217 and 218: Cycles and Processes Internal Combu
Page 219 and 220: Steam Trap Junction Pump See also T
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Compressor Isentropic Efficiency: w
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Infiltration Air change method ρ c
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compressible fluid, 50 compression
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jet propulsion, 48 JFETs, 182, 184
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esultant, 24 retardation factor R,
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State Code School Alabama Universit
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State Code School Minnesota Univers
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State Code School Virginia (Cont'd)
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