Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

Scientific Review Panel Draft February, 2012
soil-bound fluoride or fluoride compounds following contact with skin. Two
animal studies observed elevated fluoride serum levels or systemic toxicity
following dermal exposure to concentrated hydrofluoric acid, but immediate skin
corrosion was apparent and likely influenced dermal absorption (Derelanko et al.,
1985; Boink et al., 1995).
Much of the fluoride naturally present in soils or deposited from facility emissions
will generally be in, or strongly adsorbed to, soil particles and is not in a form
accessible for uptake by the body (Davison, 1987). Highest levels of watersoluble,
or bioaccessible, fluoride in heavily contaminated soils was about 15-
20% of total fluoride (Polomski et al., 1982). Among several studies, the
bioaccessible fluoride fraction in uncontaminated soils ranged from 0.06 to 7% of
total soil fluoride (Gisiger, 1968; Polomski et al., 1982; Milhaud et al., 1989;
Buykx et al., 2004).
F.3.5.2 Discussion and Recommendation for a Fluoride and Soluble Fluoride
Compound ABS
Due to the lack of quantitative data regarding dermal absorption of soil-bound
fluoride, it is not possible to determine an ABS from the data available. Use of a
13% fractional absorption default value, based on the mean of the derived ABS
values for the other Hot Spots metals and semi-metals (As, Cd, Cr(VI), Pb, Hg,
Ni), will likely not underestimate dermal absorption of soil-bound fluoride, given
the highly ionic nature of fluoride and the strong adsorption of deposited fluoride
to soil particles.
F. 3.6 Lead and Inorganic Lead Compounds
Recommended point estimate for dermal uptake: 3%
F. 3.6.1 Studies Considered
A. Key Study
The in vitro dermal absorption of lead oxide (PbO) powder (