Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012 PeCDD (1,2,3,7,8 Penta-CDD) is always found in the emissions from waste incinerators (USEPA, 1998). Early studies indicated that the presence of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD with other PCDDs/PCDFs in human milk suggested that the major source of exposure came from waste incinerator emissions (Buser and Rappe, 1984; Rappe et al., 1985; Mukerjee and Cleverly, 1987). Note that these congeners are measurable in human milk currently (Sasamoto et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2007; Raab et al., 2008). Levels of PCDFs in human milk tend to be lower than PCDDs. However, PCDFs dominate in particulates emitted by combustion sources, including hazardous waste incinerators, and are present in higher concentrations in the atmosphere than PCDDs (USEPA, 1998). HxCDDs/HxCDFs and HpCDDs/HpCDFs are prevalent in pentachlorophenol. Incineration of wood and other products impregnated with pentachlorophenol results in the formation of these congeners and emissions of hexa- and hepta-CDDs/CDFs. Both 1,2,3,7,8 and 2,3,4,7,8- PeCDFs have been detected in human milk, but 90% of the PeCDFs is generally 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. 1,2,3,4,7,8- , and 1,2,3,6,7,8- HxCDFs. 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDFs, and1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF are also prevalent. Several investigators have observed that dose, degree of chlorination, degree of lipophilicity, and molecular weight influence how much PCDD/F congener is absorbed through the lungs or gut, metabolized and transferred from blood to milk (Yakushiji, 1988; Abraham et al., 1998; Schecter et al., 1998; Kostyniak et al., 1999; Oberg et al., 2002; Wittsiepe et al., 2007). Numerous studies have attempted to correlate exposure to individual dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs from ingestion of contaminated food with levels in human biological samples such as blood and milk. Transfer from intake sources to human milk has often been estimated in the context of accidental or occupational exposures or after a substantial decline in environmental concentrations (Liem et al., 1995; Pinsky and Lorber, 1998; Liem et al., 2000; Focant et al., 2002; Furst, 2006; Milbrath et al., 2009). Steady state conditions are not reached in these studies because the half-lives of these compounds are in years and exposure changed considerably over the period evaluated in each study. Others have attempted to model the relationship between maternal intake and concentration in mother’s milk using an indicator compound such as TCDD (Smith, 1987; Lorber and Phillips, 2002). Less understood is the relationship between modeled and measured transfer estimates of individual dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs. The following sections describe the sources of data and methods for deriving estimates of transfer for an array of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs that have accounted to some extent for the non-steady state condition and other confounders. J-8
Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012 J.2.2 Oral Biotransfer OEHHA located a series of studies conducted on the Dutch population that allows for an oral biotransfer estimate of dioxins and furans, and accounts for changing exposure conditions. In 1988, Albers et al. collected and analyzed three hundred nineteen breast milk samples from women enrolled through 28 maternity centers located throughout the Netherlands. Maternity centers were selected based on geographic distribution and degree of urbanization. Human milk samples were analyzed for 17 PCDD/F congeners and 8 PCB congeners (Albers et al., 1996). Liem et al. (1995) took a similar approach to collect about 100 samples from firsttime mothers enrolled in 1993 through maternity centers dispersed throughout The Netherlands. Based on information obtained from a questionnaire about characteristics of the study subject, investigators determined that the 1993 cohort appeared to be comparable to the cohort studied in 1988. With one exception, (1,2,3,4,7,8- HxCDD), a consistent downward trend can be seen among congeners of PCDD/Fs and PCB-118 that were analyzed during both sampling periods, (Table J.2-1). Table J.2-1: Summary Estimates of Dioxin-like Compounds Dietary Intake during Three Periods Over 15 years, and Human Milk Levels over Five Years in the Dutch Population Chemical/ group TEF 1984/5 (diet) a J-9 1994 (diet) a 1988 (milk) b 1993 (milk) a 1978 (diet) a Mean, SD Mean, SD Mean, SD Mean, SD Mean, SD pg/d* pg/d* pg/d* pg/kg- pg/kg milk -milk 2,3,7,8- 1 124, TCDD 13.2, 1.32 6, 2.94 3.6, 1.26 264,14 56 1,2,3,7,8- 1 324, PeCDD 39.6, 6.73 15, 4.65 4.8, 2.26 435,185 116 1,2,3,4,7,8- 0.1 344, HxCDD 85.8, 23.17 23.4, 17.55 7.2, 5.98 328,51 192 1,2,3,6,7,8- 0.1 1484, HxCDD 325.8, 45.61 89.4, 42.02 19.8, 22.77 2445,349 668 1,2,3,7,8,9- 0.1 276, HxCDD 105, 21.0 32.4, 21.38 10.8, 9.61 395,32 132 1,2,3,4,6,7, 0.01 2016, 1908, 1796, 8-HpCDD 463.68 2671.2 150, 120 3242,114 984 OctaCDD 0.0001 28844,289 11788 12420, 4595 9180, 10281 1170, 749 6 , 6708 2,3,7,8- 0.1 TCDF 106.8, 9.61 84, 31.08 21, 14.7 100,8 16, 16 1,2,3,7,8- 0.05 24.6, 4.67 6.6, 2.71 3.6, 1.51 30,10 8, 8
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Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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