Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012 percent body fat of older adults) in addition to accounting for the substantial variability between individual congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. To calculate oral Tcos, OEHHA used adjusted reference half-lives for the chemicals in the adult human body derived from dietary and occupational exposures. OEHHA estimated oral Tcos for these chemicals from estimates of body weight reported in Chapter 10 of this document, the steady-state equation developed by Smith (1987) and reference half-lives reported in Milbrath et al (2009). Milbrath et al (2009) adjusted reference half-lives for age, body fat, smoking habits and breast-feeding status as these factors were all strong determinants of half-life in humans. A carryover rate > 1 would suggest that dioxins and dioxin-like compounds could accumulate in body fat and transfer to the fat in mother’s milk. An average dioxin Tco of 3.7 d/kg indicates that 370% of the daily intake from ingested sources transfers to mother’s milk. This high transfer-value suggests that some accumulation of carcinogenic dioxins and dioxin-like compounds occurs in the mother’s body. For individual congeners, an oral Tco less than one (e.g. 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF) suggests that some metabolism occurs in the mother’s body. J.5.2 PAHs Based on the estimated intake of 16 measured PAHs in simulated smoking studies and the PAHs found in breast milk from long-time smoking mothers (Zanieri et al. 2007), OEHHA was able to estimate transfer coefficients (Tco) with a modified version of Equation J-1. The key assumption underlying the development of these Tcos is that the variability in an individual PAHs Tcos is sufficiently small to justify the use of an average value for individual PAH congeners. This approach appears to be the best available given the available studies. OEHHA calculated oral Tcos for each individual PAH by Equation J-8. The average Tco for carcinogenic and PAHs without cancer potency factors was calculated as the sum of the Tco values over the total number of PAHs evaluated. Similar Tco values are obtained for both groups of PAHs (0.46 d/kg) and 0.31 d/kg, respectively). This finding suggests that, on average, the PAHs with cancer potency factors as a whole transfer to mother’s milk with about the same efficiency as some of the most common PAHs without cancer potency factors that are taken in through the diet. Therefore, summary Tcos were calculated by pooling across individual PAH-Tcos from both groups (see Table J.3-7). J-48
Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012 J.5.3 Inorganic Lead In an effort to derive lactational transfer coefficients for inorganic lead, OEHHA has drawn from studies conducted on subjects exposed to lead through multiple pathways at higher levels from other areas of the world. OEHHA assumes that the transfer of lead derived from these studies serves as a reasonable surrogate for the transfer of lead from contaminated media near a Hot Spots facility in California. We were not able to locate studies that measured both long-term exposure to ambient air lead and lead levels in breast milk. Therefore, we calculated estimates of transfer from blood to human milk from separate study populations to combine with estimates of lead transfer from air to blood. For our purposes, Gulson et al (1995, 1997, 1998a, 1998b) and Ettinger et al (2004) provide the best estimates of the change in blood lead levels due to the onset of lactation as well as during lactation relative to the levels of lead in breast milk. Based on ambient air levels of lead reported in Ranft et al (2008), OEHHA estimated that blood lead levels in 55-year old women would change by 6-fold per unit of change in ambient air levels of lead (µg/dL) over a similar period (GM, 6.2; 95% CL 6.1 – 6.4). Compared to Gulson et al (1998), the geometric mean blood lead levels prior to lactation observed by Ettinger et al (2004) were about 4-fold higher (7.3 and 8.0 for exclusive and partial lactators, respectively) (Gulson et al., 1998b; Ettinger et al., 2004). The transfer factors derived from residents of Mexico and immigrants to Australia differ by less than a factor of two. However, our Tco estimate for lead has not considered the influence of maternal age, parity, length of lactation, and body weight on concentration of lead in milk. J.5.4 Recommendations OEHHA recommends using the Tcos based on the summary estimates provided in Table J.1-1 rather than the individual compound Tcos provided in Tables J.2-3, J.3-4, and J.3-6 to assess transfer of compounds to mother’s milk. Tcos of individual compound are less robust that summary Tcos listed in Table J.1-1 because in some cases they have derived from data containing a high number of non-detects and small sample sizes. Additional studies might improve the estimation of individual Tco values, especially studies that incorporate more sensitive methods for analyzing breast milk PAH content and larger study populations to better estimate biological variation and estimates of PAH transfer J-49
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Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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