Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012
Table J.4-3: Change in Blood Lead Levels from Pregnancy (bloodpreg) to
Lactation (bloodlac) (µg/L)
Study Bloodpreg Bloodlac Bloodpreg Bloodlac
N AM,SD AM,SD GM,GSD GM,GSD
(Gulson et al.,
30.95,
1997)** 8 22.4, 6 32, 8.4 21.64, 1.30 1.29
(Ettinger et al., ~86-
83.72,
2004)
88excl 81, 38 94, 48 73.33, 1.56 1.62
(Ettinger et al., 164-
86.55,
2004)
165part 90, 44 95, 43 80.85, 1.59 1.54
(Tellez-Rojo et
85.15,
al., 2002) 425 84, 40 93.7, 43.04 75.84, 1.57 1.55
(Sowers et al.,
16.23,
2002)* 15 13.7, 7.75 17, 5.29 11.93, 1.69 1.36
(Rothenberg et
27.59, 32.03,
al., 2000) 311 26.49 21.78 22, 1.96 28, 1.68
* SD for blood lead level during lactation estimated for blood lead at 6-months from
figure 2; ** bloodlact is max blood lead level during pregnancy and lactation; excl,
exclusively breastfed; part, partially breastfed
These investigators conducted longitudinal monitoring of blood samples to
determine stable lead isotope profiles by mass spectrometry and chemical
analyses of blood samples for total lead content over a 300-day period. Gulson et
al followed Australian women (15 immigrants and 7 non-immigrants) to study the
mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation
(Gulson et al., 1995; Gulson et al., 1997; Gulson et al., 1998a; Gulson et al.,
1998b; Gulson et al., 1999; Gulson et al., 2001). Investigators measured
maternal and infant blood, urine, diet, and breast milk from 21 mothers and 24
infants. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation lead concentration in breast
milk were AM (SD) 0.73 (0.70) µg/kg and the geometric mean and standard
deviation were GM (GSD) 0.55 (2.24) respectively. Levels ranged from 0.09 to
3.1 µg/kg.
Gulson et al (1997) provided evidence that lead in female immigrants to Australia
was mobilized from skeletal stores during pregnancy, with increases in blood
lead concentration of about 20% and a mean increase in skeletal lead
contribution to blood lead of 31%. Authors concluded that between 45% and 70%
of lead in blood comes from mobilized long-term tissue lead stores (Gulson et al.,
1997).
Investigators obtained environmental samples of house dust, drinking water,
urban air, gasoline, and a 6-day duplicate diet quarterly. The GM (GSD) blood
lead concentration for the immigrant females on arrival in Australia (either prior to
or during early pregnancy) was 3.0 µg/dL ( SD 1.56) (range: 1.9 to 20 µg/dL) and
for the Australian controls was 3.1 µg/dL (range: 1.9 to 4.3 µg/dL). Skeletal lead
J-40