Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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SRP Review Draft Version 2 June, 2012 that recent research shows each of the major inorganic and organic As species, including As(III), As (V), arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), may exhibit different toxicities, and it may be important to take into account the fraction of total As present in the inorganic and organic forms when estimating the potential risk posed through consumption of As-contaminated fish. Ideally, the most appropriate BAFs would incorporate the most bioavailable and toxic form(s). This is currently not possible, so the point estimate BAF in this document will be based on total As in sport fish muscle tissue. Direct accumulation of As in tilapia was proportional to the concentration of arsenicals in water (Suhendrayatna et al., 2002). Approximately 25% of absorbed arsenic from water in whole fish as either As(III) or As(V) was transformed to methylated arsenic, primarily methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl- forms. Whether absorbed as As(III) or As(V) from water, metabolism in fish resulted in roughly equivalent concentrations of both inorganic arsenic species in whole fish, although As(III) was absorbed more easily than As(V). Accumulation and transformation of As in the food chain has been investigated. In a three-step freshwater food chain (algae-shrimp-tilapia), exposure to As(III) in water resulted in total As concentrations decreasing in the organisms with each step up the food chain (Suhendrayatna et al., 2002). Inorganic As species were the predominant forms in each organism (As(III), 9-41%; As(V), 50-90%), with only a limited degree of As methylation at each step in the food chain. However, when As(V) was the dominant As species in water, mouthbreeder fish raised long-term in aquaculture ponds contained predominantly organoarsenic species in muscle tissue, with inorganic As equaling only 7.4% of total As (Huang et al., 2003). Predicted and measured As concentrations in major organs of tilapia from culture ponds high in As observed highest As concentrations in the alimentary canal, blood and liver, and lowest concentrations in muscle tissue (Liao et al., 2005). Steady-state concentration of As in muscle tissue took up to 300 days to be achieved. Arsenic bioaccumulation studies in fish have been conducted in laboratory, aquaculture pond, and field investigations, although exposure durations to achieve steady-state concentrations in fish tissues were only observed for the aquaculture and field studies. The BAFs findings are presented in Table I.6. In aquaculture studies, an average BCF of 8.2 (range: 5.4 to 11) was determined for bioconcentration of As in muscle of mouthbreeder fish raised long-term in ponds from three different regions in Taiwan (Huang et al., 2003). The fish were collected from ponds containing 14.4 to 75.8 µg/L As in water. A BCF of 3.5 was recorded for As in muscle tissue of large-scale mullet raised in a Taiwanese aquaculture pond (Lin et al., 2001). In farmed tilapia fish exposed to As in water for 300 days, a muscle BCF = 4 was calculated (Liao et al., 2005). In a similar study, BCFs of 15 and 53 were obtained for As from tilapia muscle raised in two aquaculture ponds containing 49.0 and 17.8 µg/L As in water, respectively (Liao et al., 2003). Because the fish in these aquaculture I-17
SRP Review Draft Version 2 June, 2012 studies were fed with artificial bait that did not contain As, the accumulation factors may better represent BCF values rather than BAF values. Only two field studies were located that presented data to determine a muscle tissue BAF for fish in As-contaminated lentic water bodies. A BAF of 28 was determined from muscle tissue of the common carp exposed to As in four wastewater treatment basins in Pennsylvania (Skinner, 1985). Channel catfish and large-mouth bass from a reservoir impacted by mining and agricultural runoff had muscle BAF values of 12.5 for As (Baker and King, 1994). Table I.6. BAFs for Arsenic in Muscle Tissue of Fish from Lentic Water Bodies Location Species Arsenic Water Arsenic BAF Reference Concentration Muscle Concentration Taiwanese Aquaculture Studies Putai Pond mouthbreeder 75.8 µg/L 0.41 µg/g 5.4 Huang et. al., 2003 Yichu Pond mouthbreeder 15.1 0.12 7.9 Huang et. al., 2003 Hsuehchia mouthbreeder 14.4 0.16 11.1 Huang et. Pond al., 2003 Putai Pond large-scale 169.7 2.41 14.2 Lin et. al., mullet 2001 Hsuehchia tilapia 17.8 0.95 53.4 Liao et. al., Pond 2003 Yichu Pond tilapia 49.0 0.75 15.3 Liao et. al., 2003 Tilapia farms tilapia 94 1.5 16 Liao et al., 2005 San Carlos large-mouth 8 Field Studies 0.1 12.5 Baker & Reservoir, AZ bass King, 1994 San Carlos channel catfish 8 0.1 12.5 Baker & Reservoir, AZ King, 1994 Wastewater common carp 3.0 – 16.0 0.22 -
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Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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