Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012
The average inhalation Tco of 1.6 d/kg daily inhalation of a PAH mixture,
indicates that 160% of the daily intake from inhaled sources transfers to mother’s
milk. This high transfer-value suggests that some accumulation of PAHs with
cancer potency factors may occur in the mother’s body before lactation begins.
An average oral Tco of 0.40 d/kg for PAHs with cancer potency factors indicates
40% of the daily intake from diet transfers to mother’s milk following oral intake of
PAHs.
This suggests that metabolism occurs in the mother’s body. The uncertainties in
our Tco estimation methods could account for both of these results. If the Tco
estimation is correct, the mother may be metabolizing a considerable fraction of
her intake prior to partitioning into the fat stores. There could also be inefficient
transfer to mother’s milk for unknown reasons or metabolism following transfer of
PAHs to mother’s milk.
J.4 Mothers’ Milk Transfer Coefficients for Inorganic Lead
Inorganic lead is naturally present on the earth’s crust and may enter terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems due to the weathering of rocks. Traces of lead can not
only be found in the immediate vicinity of emission sources but also are present,
albeit at very low levels, in every part of the world (Castellino and Castellino,
1995).
Lead particulate matter is the primary form of lead present in the air (OEHHA
1997). Atmospheric movements may transport lead aerosol in the form of very
fine particles, a long way from its place of emission. Refineries, mineral
extraction industries, and smelting plants for lead and other metals are largely
responsible for emitting lead-containing aerosols into the atmosphere (Castellino
and Castellino, 1995) in the U.S.
Human intake of lead can occur by inhalation of airborne particles and ingestion
of lead-contaminated food and water. Furthermore, people can be exposed using
lead-glazed or painted cooking and eating utensils. Lead may also be ingested
in foods or drinks contaminated with the metal during the industrial processes of
food production or preservation (Castellino and Castellino, 1995). The potential
pathways of concern with Hot Spots facilities would be inhalation, soil ingestion,
and dermal absorption, home raised meat, homegrown produce, surface drinking
water consumption, and breast milk consumption.
Background levels of lead in the blood of the U.S. population have declined in
recent years mainly resulting from the removal of lead from gasoline and paint.
Results from an NHANES study (1991 – 1994) show that the geometric mean
blood lead level in the U.S. adult population (20 – 69 years of age) was about 4
µg/dL (Pirkle et al., 1994), which is over a 70% decline in blood lead from blood
lead levels obtained from 1976 to 1980. The NHANES IV survey (1999- 2000)
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