Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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SRP Review Draft Version 2 June, 2012 Four-month exposure of juvenile bluegill and largemouth bass to selenite (Na2SeO3) in water resulted in BCF values of 288 and 153, respectively, and was independent of water temperature and hardness (Lemly, 1982). Accumulation of Se in muscle was relatively slow, reaching a steady-state concentration after 90 days of exposure in both fish species. Accumulation of Se in fish skeletal muscle was presumed to be a result of the high affinity of Se for sulfhydryl groups found on many organic molecules in muscle tissue. However, bioconcentration in muscle was quite low compared to BCF values for other organs and tissues. Lemly (1982) observed higher bioconcentration of Se in the spleen, heart, liver, kidney, gill, and erythrocytes. In a food-chain study (algae-daphnids-bluegill), whole bluegill fry accumulated greater Se concentrations from food than from water in selenite-based exposures, and aqueous and food-chain Se bioaccumulation were approximately additive (Besser et al., 1993). However, in both aqueous and food-chain exposures based on selenite and selenate, Se bioaccumulation was greatest in algae and least in bluegills. Se concentrations in whole bluegill fry did not differ significantly between selenite and selenate treatments in either aqueous or food-chain exposures. Inorganic Se BCF values ranged from 13 to 106 in whole blue gill fry with 30- to 40-day exposures, although a steady-state concentration was not attained. In a field study, Cumbie and van Horn (1979) analyzed muscle Se levels in various species of fish, primarily bluegill, other sunfish, carp and bullhead, during spring and summer from a reservoir with a high Se concentration. The range of muscle BAFs among all fish was 632 to 5450 with an arithmetic average of about 1780. Further research at the same reservoir observed muscle BAFs in warmwater sportfish (primarily various species of perch, catfish, sunfish and crappie) ranging from 739 to 2019 with an arithmetic average of 1351 (Lemly, 1985). There was evidence of biomagnification of Se through the food-chain, although when considering only muscle tissue of fish, levels of Se appeared to be similar to that of mulluscs, insects, annelids and crustaceans found at the reservoir. Lower Se BAFs of 124 and 216 were calculated in muscle of white suckers and yellow perch, respectively, from an acidic lake in New York (Stripp et al., 1990). Based upon geochemistry, Se would be expected to be less soluble in acidic lakes. BAFs of 454 and 490 were determined for Se in muscle tissue of crappie and carp, respectively, collected from a wastewater treatment basin in Pennsylvania (Skinner, 1985). The accumulation data indicate Se uptake from both food and water results in accumulation of Se in muscle tissue, and that BAF/BCF values can be quite variable even between different fish species within the same water body. The two related field studies investigating Se accumulation in fish from a North Carolina reservoir (Cumbie and Van Horn, 1979; Lemly, 1985) gave an average BAF of 1566 (1351 + 1780 / 2) combining all trophic level 3 and 4 fish. Not including the data from the acidic lake, we calculate an arithmetic mean BAF of 1019 when the average BAF from the North Carolina reservoir is combined with the average fish BAF from the Pennsylvania wastewater treatment basin from Skinner (1985). In support, the BAF is within the I-29
SRP Review Draft Version 2 June, 2012 predicted intervals (at water Se concentrations above 0.5 µg/L) of the Se whole fish bioaccumulation model for lentic systems developed by Brix et al. (2005). We recommend a default point estimate BAF of 1000 for selenium for use in the Hot Spots program. I.3 Non-Bioaccumulated Chemicals Some organic “Hot Spot” chemicals in which a significant airborne fraction can be found in the particle phase do not appear to be bioaccumulated in fish. For example, although data show that methylenedianiline (MDA) exists partly in the particle phase and is persistent in soils, the low log Kow of 1.59 (HSDB, 2008) and rapid metabolism in higher trophic level animals (ATSDR, 1998) indicate this chemical will likely not bioaccumulate in fish tissues. In addition, unpublished evidence summarized in ATSDR (1998) suggests that MDA does not bioaccumulate in carp. Until published evidence shows otherwise, a fish BAF for MDA will not be included in the fish pathway in the “Hot Spots” program. In addition, OEHHA is proposing that fluoride should not be included in the fish pathway because fresh weight fluoride concentrations in muscle or the fillet portion of fish were found to be less than the water concentration, regardless of the weight of the fish (Gikunju, 1992; Mwaniki and Gikunju, 1995). I-30
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Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

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