Appendix D Food Codes for NHANES - OEHHA

Scientific Review PanelSRP Draft Version 2 February,June 2012
Table J.4-1: Studies with Summary Estimates of Concurrent Maternal Blood
and Milk Levels of Lead)
Study Country Group Study Measurement # Study
period
subjects
(Nashashibi Greece Residents of ~1999 At delivery, at 47
et al., 1999)
Athens and
onset of
surrounding
areas
lactation
(Li et al., China, Not
prior to At delivery, at 32
2000) Shanghai occupationally 2000 onset of
exposed
lactation
(Counter et Equador, Pottery glazers 2003 Post partum 13
al., 2004) Pujili
(Ettinger et Mexico, Exclusive 1994- One month 88
al., 2004) Mexico
City
breast feeders 1995 postpartum
(Ettinger et Mexico, Partial breast 1994- One month 165
al., 2004) Mexico
City
feeders 1995 postpartum
(Namihira et Mexico Reside near 1986 postpartum 35
al., 1993) (Mexico
City)
New Smelter
(Hallen et Sweden Reside in Rural 1990- 6 weeks 39
al., 1995)
areas
1992 postpartum
(Hallen et Sweden Reside near 1990- 6 weeks 35
al., 1995)
Smelter area 1992 postpartum
(Baum and U.S.A Mothers of lead 1996 Postpartum 2
Shannon, Camden, poisoned
1996) New
Jersey
infants
(Gulson et Australia Immigrants Early At delivery and 9
al., 1998b)
from eastern 1990s average during
Europe
lactation
Regression analyses suggest a linear relationship between lead in maternal
blood and milk among women with substantially elevated levels of lead in blood.
For example, Namihira et al (1993) reported a significant linear relationship (r =
0.88) between levels of lead in blood and milk for blood lead levels in the range
of 35 µg/dL -100 µg/dL from a study of 35 lactating women living in Mexico City
(Namihira et al., 1993). At these levels of lead in blood, authors reported a
univariate regression of 4.3% representing the average level of lead in breast
milk relative to the average level of lead in blood.
A similar study of 47 lactating women conducted by Nashashibi et al also
reported a significant linear relationship (r=0.77) between lead in milk and blood
for blood lead levels in the range of 5 µg/dL - 25 µg/dL (Nashashibi et al., 1999).
J-38