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Harmony in noun forms. 46 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR have written upon the subject, most recently PRINCE, Materials, po xv. The following list though not exhaustive contains the most important exampleso el3bar>asbar=purussu. eseman > esemen=melultuand kippu, 'chamber of joy'. egar> amar=lanu, V R. 11 d, 50. amgm> eni,gin, II Ro 29 a, 29 = CT. XIX 21, K 4393, obv. 9. a-mar = abubu is probably for a-mil', 'raging water' o anim >enim = sama, 'heaven'. gurin >gurun and gurin >girin=enbu 'fruit'. ilusunirda=senirda. asir> esir = nI:l>-{,(o. T '. utima> itima = etutu 'darkness', B. M. 34950, 7. ki-ku> ki-ki, passim in sign-names, as esgunu-leiki, utunun-kiki, v. BRÜNNOW, p. 572. swnag >samag = um[fatu,. ~~TnT and ~~TlCJT=samag, for su-mag, 'distress of the body'; sumag> sumug =salu sa [furri, ~~n~nTT. dupsar> dapsar in loan-word dapsartu, II R. 24 a, 6. lupes> lipes= libbu,
THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN AND SOUND-CHANGES 47 § 58. sunir = surinnu, 'emblem'. § 59. a) Consonants : es-es=isis, 'to weep'. g{r> kir, 'to hasten'. gil> kil, 'to hew'. Sonants dissimilated to surds to avoid two sonants in one syllable. b) Vowels : edu for udu, 'sheep', IV R. 20 obv. 26 [HOMMEL J. elal for alal, 'water-bucket', [PRINCEJ. su-dü-a, 'to take in tbe hand " becomes su-di-a, 11 R. 24 a, 6. dú-sugur> dasutJur, 'a fish " Gud. Cyl. B 12,1 and CT. XV, 26, 15. § 60. a-i = a in kara-innib-dü-e = karannib-dü-e POEBEL, no. 57, 22; gara-innib-kú-a=garannib-kúa, no. 4, 15. §61. The scri pt does not enable one to determine w hether the langllage possessed syllables beginning with two consonants; it is con sequen tiy impossible to detect the existence of affricatives as ts, p/, or aspirates as ph, kh, etc. § 62. Characteristic of the language is the dropping of final con sonants thus reducing the bi-consonantal stems to a single consonant and vowel. sig> si, gin >gi, mun> mu. The disappearing consonant is often replaced by a vowel, thus nad ' bed " appears as ná-a, kur ' to eat " as kü-a" dug, 'to ransom " as dü-a 2, darig >da-ri-a = $abáru, 'to seize, take', often in mas-da-ri-a, , property' 3; The root dem = sasú is constantly written de-a in the compound gü-de-a. di-e =salp2, tabaku, sapaku, 'to pour out', for dib connected with dub. A considerable number of syllables have sufféred elision at the be ginning4, as gur> ür = tertu; kür> úr = kaparu,. mul> ul = kakkabu,. gis> is, mus> uso gidim > idim = edimmu, 'ghost'. Also ág and am, the well-known abstract prefixes may be derived from nag « nig) and nam. § 63. The Semitic grammarians often distinguished the forms 1. POEBEL, no. 4 obv. 15. 2. MEISSNER, SAL 7508. 3. In V R. 50 a, 49 in-dari-a the a serves also to indicate the dependent construction. 4. SIEVERS, 504. Metathesis. Differentiation. Vowel contraction. Affricatives. Apocopation. Dialects.
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3NOVS-1l0S-NO'IVH:J 'aNV~U1l3S: ·3
Page 3 and 4: ABBREVIATIONS Names oí Principal S
Page 5 and 6: ABBREVIATIONS VII SAl. Seltene Assy
Page 7 and 8: II PREFACE lonian and Assyrian cult
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1. Historical OuUine. § 1.
Page 11 and 12: HISTORICAL OUTLINE 3 § 2. The pron
Page 13 and 14: HlSTORICAL OUTLINE 5 connected with
Page 15 and 16: HISTORICALOUTLINE 7 § 7; The inscr
Page 17 and 18: HISTORICALOUTLlNE 9 2. Eannatum; hi
Page 19 and 20: BISTORICALOUTLINE 3. Ensagkusanna;
Page 21 and 22: HISTORICAL OUTLINE 13 5. Gudea. The
Page 23 and 24: HISTORICALOUTLINE 15 Gala kazal-Url
Page 25 and 26: HISTORICALOUTLINE 17 5. LibiHstar.
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTERII. The Origin and Principal
Page 29 and 30: THE ORIGIN AND PRINCIPAL CHARACTERI
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER III. The Phonetic Elements
Page 43 and 44: l ¡ i J \ THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF
Page 45 and 46: THE PHONETICELEMENTSOF SUMERIANAND
Page 47 and 48: THE PHONETJC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN A
Page 49 and 50: THE PHONETIC ELEMENT'S OF SUMERJAN
Page 51 and 52: THE PHONETJC ELEMENTSOF SUMERJAN AN
Page 53: THE PHONETICELEMENTS.OF SUMERIANAND
Page 57 and 58: THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN A
Page 59 and 60: THE DETERMINATIVES 51 1. ~T
Page 61 and 62: THE DETERMINATIVES 53 a kind of dru
Page 63 and 64: THE DETERMINATIVES 55 ~~nsim = ru(,
Page 65 and 66: THE DETERMINATIVES 57 lusirburla-(f
Page 67 and 68: THE DETERMINATIVES 59 of Elam. The
Page 69 and 70: THE DETERMINATIVES 61 93074, 6, sug
Page 71 and 72: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 63 By mean
Page 73 and 74: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 65 § 74.
Page 75 and 76: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 67 tbe gen
Page 77 and 78: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 69 bar, 'l
Page 79 and 80: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 71 25 a 6.
Page 81 and 82: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 73 beavens
Page 83 and 84: INFLECTlON AND POSTFIXES 75 liquor'
Page 85 and 86: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 77 § 103.
Page 87 and 88: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 79 went be
Page 89 and 90: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 81 'upon t
Page 91 and 92: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES regularly
Page 93 and 94: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 85 propert
Page 95 and 96: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 87 sá mi-
Page 97 and 98: INFLECTION'AND POSTFIXES 89 § 139.
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER VI. Nouns and Adjectives.
Page 101 and 102: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 93 mar (~T~H~)
Page 103 and 104: lO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 95 ereated'
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NOUNSAND ADJECTIVES 97 (only as con
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NOUNSAND ADJECTIVES 99 18, 19; 28,
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CHAPTER VII. Pronouns. § 155. Sume
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PRONOUNS 103 from the independent f
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PRONOUNS 105 K. 5423, occurs as the
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PRONOUNS 107 e-ne is really nothing
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•• ~ A- STATUS OBLIQUUS PRONOUN
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PRONOUNS 111 a, but the force of ha
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PRONOUNS 113 § 168. Sumerian emplo
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CHAPTER VIII. Numerals'. § 170. Th
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NDMERALS 117' only two lsa, and "\
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NUMERALS 119 20. ni8, SCHEIL,ibid.,
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NUMERALS 121 for 1/3 and 2/3 follow
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NUMERALS 123 plied severally to eac
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--- 'to direct the just' 'o (ki) e-
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THE VERB 127 ily derived by adding
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~' TBE VERB 129 Thus ni, na, hi, ha
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... ¡ THE VERB 131 be internally m
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THE VERB 1:33 absolute indifference
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THE VERB 135 and the middle voices
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THE VERB 137 in nam-nun-IU sag ma-a
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THE VERB 139 bi indicates a subject
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THE VERB 141 often toward the centr
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THE VERB 143 generally repeated in
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THE VERB 145 si reproduces causativ
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THE VERB 147 ka dü-dé gú-de-a z
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THE VERB 149 1'he majority of compo
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THE VERB J51 directly upon tbe exte
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THE VERB 153 filled with abundance'
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pendent clauses. arad nin-a-ni kena
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THE VERB 157 like the apsu he estab
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thee' 1. ü-ba-ra-e-ne 2 til-la-zu-
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THE VERB 161 ag-mu-sú d.nin-in-si-
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THE VERB 163 he had built for him E
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THE VERB 165 the great net of Enlil
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THE VERB 167 ation of the future si
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THE VERB 169 sag-ga-ni nu-mu-zu, 'i
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CHAPTER X Conjunctions' . § 229. T
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OONJUNOTIONS 173 § 233. The emphat
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CONJUNCTIONS 175 terror". The conju
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The simple form me-e only in syllab
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180 (12) pa-te-si galu gis-pi-túg'
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182 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR en dingi¡'nin
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184 (15) ki-dím ri-ba-ni (16) a-e/
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186 uso (16) é-nig-ga-za dap' ú-m
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• 188 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 21. dingir
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190 -.:::::;;.....::::... __ .~_._~
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192 55. nig-ur-tab-tab.ba 1 cl·gtr
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194 35. gís-gar-bi azag-azag-ga-á
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196 31. gidim-gul a-lá(l)-gul utuk
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198 26. nam kur-kur.ra tar-ri-da-ni
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-"., 200 ---'~---~- c..'-"-===~''"-
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tr i!p" i"· rl '1 ----------.-----
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204 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. ASIR, ASER,
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206 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR 53. bara-::Hga
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208 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR = nalfaru, bre
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210 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR DIL, Be concav
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212 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. DUR, Prince
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214 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR ambar-ra dú-s
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216 GIL, GlM, 1. GIN, Be firm, true
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_.~~~-=-~ 218 ----~------~--_._--._
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220 Der. nam-gú-slr = 1;;:il}ru. l
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222 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR IMI-TEG, Rave
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~ 224 SUMERlAN GRAMMAR KESDA, Bind.
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226 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR l. LAG, Be cle
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~ ---~~-- ____ 228 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR
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230 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. MURUB, Womb
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~--- ---=- --~.''''-----_._--~".,--
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----------- -- -~ --- ------- 234 S
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~..-._- -------_.~ --:-:o"'---~.:--
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----.....~-~- 238 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR
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o~ - 240 SUMERJAN GRAMMAIt 3. SIL,
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:tl ~, 242 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 2, 6. O
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'----_. 244 SUMERIAN • GRAMMAR wh
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246 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR ~'>' -'~- --==
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248 SUMEHIAN GRAMMAR 1. TUB, To rep
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250 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR inilu kissati,
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252 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR 31, 18. Innini
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254 5' SUMERIAN GRAMMAR who is prot
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256 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 3. USAN, Elami
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258 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 3. zm, MeaI. z
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. XXVI, V 83. a SYLLABIC Jj ~ar~~ -
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il ea). - ~T bar ~- r . bar is not
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- ~ T~ im dlg lt~~~: ~-- ~~n ~(GU-
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LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SYLLABlC
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-r ORIGINAL LIST OF THE MOST IMPORT
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ly 1/60. g'im gWl , ~- LIST OFANCIE
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O. 4686 rey. 3.J SUM ug 7 11111 ASS
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~ I ~CT.XV LlST OF THE MOST IMPORTA
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~ mTT •.... ~ :'n ~~T~T -v" W~ H
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~I ( I ~HH ft Sever, ~S ~
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kur 'it LIST OF THE MOST ASSYRIAN O
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p " .ll vv ~B ~H~ + ~Tn t:.f + t T~
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mus mug ~(Gudea) {;-
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mn ----_._~_.- ---.- ..- * LIST OFA
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1'UH -~~t LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTAN
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il á +~B ~~m (?) áSSYRIA:,( A:\CI
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~ l' l..ln sd ~BmY €7,0 4J~ §::t
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sigsin sir ck, ~ LIST OF THE MOST A
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un ul m :--.~ -~--------- - ium I I
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- ur rr* rmün ~ ;:~ .t'r ur " -.~-
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zá 302 ASSYRIAN SIGN ANClENT SIGN
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T INDEX1 a, Signs for, ;¿9, 32. In
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ha, Alter loan-words, § 22 and p.
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ADDENDA § 1. Kengin = Nippur. Note
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Page 8, note 1, 1. 2, read occurrin
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