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48 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR which had suffered phonetic decay by the ter m eme-sal or 'woman's tongue'. sá-gar = maliku, and sá-mar = maliku (eme-sal) 1 • gis = rabll andmu(s)=rabU (eme-sal)'. The scribes thus indicate the forms with m for earlier gas eme-sal forms. labar for lagar=kalil, 'psaIm ist " is caBed an eme-sal form 3. The change igi > ide = bunu is caBed eme-sal4• In fact the grammarians drew up syllabars in which the earlier and later forms were placed side by side. Thus K 4319+ 4604" obv., col. 11, 23-7:- EME-SAL a-da-ar a-ba a-se-ir ír ba-an-zí-em a-gár a-ga a-nir EME-KU ír ba-an-tum SEMITIC ugaru, 'fieId'. arkatu, 'the future '. ittu, 'wailing' (?). bikitum iskun, , he instituted wailing·. Assyriologists have generally inferred that the expression eme- KV fi, which the scribes translated by lisan sumer'i, indicates the classicaI or original idiom in distinction from the decayed forms eme·sal. I have, foBowing this accepted interpretation, placed the term eme-KU over the column containing the original words. Yet we cannot regardthis interpretation as final, for eme-sal is quite as much alisan 8umeri l Sumerian language', as the classical forms. As a matter of fact eme KU has not been found in any connection where it is clearly contrasted whith eme-sal, and it may be that the term was not employed in the sense of ' cIassical tongue ' 7. 1. CT. XIX, 18 rev. 15 f. 2. [bid., 18 r 3. CT. XII, 41, 43. CL ihid., 1. 40, multt for galu = kalU. 4. CT. XII, 33 obv. 6 f. The term cme·sal seems lO have been applied not only to forms which had suffered phonetic decay but also to words which had COme to be employed with extraordinary meanings. For example tUl' = ?aIJI'u, CT. XIX 18 rey. 20, is accompanied by the eme-sal equivalent gi(n) = .~abru, , child', a colloquial use of the root gin, to beget. 5. HAUPT, ASKT. 105 ff. = V R. 11. 6. See p. 3 f. 7. The Berlin Vocabulary, V. A. Th. 244 (ZA. IX, 159-164J mentions the follow' ing dialects, eme-sal, eme·gúd-da, eme-mus (also cme·mus-a), eme-TE·NAD \.
THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN A:"ID SOUND-CHANGES 49 The sound-changes discussed in this chapter can alI be exemplified in the classical inscriptions from Urukagina onward and decayed forms occur side by side with original forms in all parts of Sumer, so that the so caBed eme-sal cannot denote a local dialect as has been presumed by those scholars who first observed these phonetic variants. ame-si-di, and eme-gal. An interpretation of these terms which, with the exceptioll of eme-sal occur onlyhere, must be conjectural. eme-gud = lisanu elu, 'lofty speech'; eme-mus = lisan zimi, 'speech of adornment'; eme-si-di = lisan mesal'i, 'correct speech'; eme-gal = lisanu I'abu, 'great speech' o Concerning eme-TE-NAD we have notthe slightest basis for conjecture. GRAMo SUMo 4
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3NOVS-1l0S-NO'IVH:J 'aNV~U1l3S: ·3
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ABBREVIATIONS Names oí Principal S
Page 5 and 6: ABBREVIATIONS VII SAl. Seltene Assy
Page 7 and 8: II PREFACE lonian and Assyrian cult
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1. Historical OuUine. § 1.
Page 11 and 12: HISTORICAL OUTLINE 3 § 2. The pron
Page 13 and 14: HlSTORICAL OUTLINE 5 connected with
Page 15 and 16: HISTORICALOUTLINE 7 § 7; The inscr
Page 17 and 18: HISTORICALOUTLlNE 9 2. Eannatum; hi
Page 19 and 20: BISTORICALOUTLINE 3. Ensagkusanna;
Page 21 and 22: HISTORICAL OUTLINE 13 5. Gudea. The
Page 23 and 24: HISTORICALOUTLINE 15 Gala kazal-Url
Page 25 and 26: HISTORICALOUTLINE 17 5. LibiHstar.
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTERII. The Origin and Principal
Page 29 and 30: THE ORIGIN AND PRINCIPAL CHARACTERI
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER III. The Phonetic Elements
Page 43 and 44: l ¡ i J \ THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF
Page 45 and 46: THE PHONETICELEMENTSOF SUMERIANAND
Page 47 and 48: THE PHONETJC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN A
Page 49 and 50: THE PHONETIC ELEMENT'S OF SUMERJAN
Page 51 and 52: THE PHONETJC ELEMENTSOF SUMERJAN AN
Page 53 and 54: THE PHONETICELEMENTS.OF SUMERIANAND
Page 55: THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF SUMERJAN A
Page 59 and 60: THE DETERMINATIVES 51 1. ~T
Page 61 and 62: THE DETERMINATIVES 53 a kind of dru
Page 63 and 64: THE DETERMINATIVES 55 ~~nsim = ru(,
Page 65 and 66: THE DETERMINATIVES 57 lusirburla-(f
Page 67 and 68: THE DETERMINATIVES 59 of Elam. The
Page 69 and 70: THE DETERMINATIVES 61 93074, 6, sug
Page 71 and 72: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 63 By mean
Page 73 and 74: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 65 § 74.
Page 75 and 76: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 67 tbe gen
Page 77 and 78: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 69 bar, 'l
Page 79 and 80: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 71 25 a 6.
Page 81 and 82: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 73 beavens
Page 83 and 84: INFLECTlON AND POSTFIXES 75 liquor'
Page 85 and 86: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 77 § 103.
Page 87 and 88: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 79 went be
Page 89 and 90: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 81 'upon t
Page 91 and 92: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES regularly
Page 93 and 94: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 85 propert
Page 95 and 96: INFLECTION AND POSTFIXES 87 sá mi-
Page 97 and 98: INFLECTION'AND POSTFIXES 89 § 139.
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER VI. Nouns and Adjectives.
Page 101 and 102: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 93 mar (~T~H~)
Page 103 and 104: lO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 95 ereated'
Page 105 and 106: NOUNSAND ADJECTIVES 97 (only as con
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NOUNSAND ADJECTIVES 99 18, 19; 28,
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CHAPTER VII. Pronouns. § 155. Sume
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PRONOUNS 103 from the independent f
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PRONOUNS 105 K. 5423, occurs as the
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PRONOUNS 107 e-ne is really nothing
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•• ~ A- STATUS OBLIQUUS PRONOUN
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PRONOUNS 111 a, but the force of ha
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PRONOUNS 113 § 168. Sumerian emplo
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CHAPTER VIII. Numerals'. § 170. Th
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NDMERALS 117' only two lsa, and "\
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NUMERALS 119 20. ni8, SCHEIL,ibid.,
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NUMERALS 121 for 1/3 and 2/3 follow
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NUMERALS 123 plied severally to eac
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--- 'to direct the just' 'o (ki) e-
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THE VERB 127 ily derived by adding
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~' TBE VERB 129 Thus ni, na, hi, ha
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... ¡ THE VERB 131 be internally m
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THE VERB 1:33 absolute indifference
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THE VERB 135 and the middle voices
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THE VERB 137 in nam-nun-IU sag ma-a
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THE VERB 139 bi indicates a subject
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THE VERB 141 often toward the centr
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THE VERB 143 generally repeated in
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THE VERB 145 si reproduces causativ
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THE VERB 147 ka dü-dé gú-de-a z
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THE VERB 149 1'he majority of compo
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THE VERB J51 directly upon tbe exte
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THE VERB 153 filled with abundance'
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pendent clauses. arad nin-a-ni kena
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THE VERB 157 like the apsu he estab
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thee' 1. ü-ba-ra-e-ne 2 til-la-zu-
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THE VERB 161 ag-mu-sú d.nin-in-si-
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THE VERB 163 he had built for him E
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THE VERB 165 the great net of Enlil
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THE VERB 167 ation of the future si
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THE VERB 169 sag-ga-ni nu-mu-zu, 'i
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CHAPTER X Conjunctions' . § 229. T
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OONJUNOTIONS 173 § 233. The emphat
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CONJUNCTIONS 175 terror". The conju
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The simple form me-e only in syllab
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180 (12) pa-te-si galu gis-pi-túg'
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182 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR en dingi¡'nin
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184 (15) ki-dím ri-ba-ni (16) a-e/
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186 uso (16) é-nig-ga-za dap' ú-m
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• 188 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 21. dingir
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190 -.:::::;;.....::::... __ .~_._~
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192 55. nig-ur-tab-tab.ba 1 cl·gtr
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194 35. gís-gar-bi azag-azag-ga-á
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196 31. gidim-gul a-lá(l)-gul utuk
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198 26. nam kur-kur.ra tar-ri-da-ni
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-"., 200 ---'~---~- c..'-"-===~''"-
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tr i!p" i"· rl '1 ----------.-----
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204 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. ASIR, ASER,
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206 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR 53. bara-::Hga
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208 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR = nalfaru, bre
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210 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR DIL, Be concav
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212 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. DUR, Prince
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214 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR ambar-ra dú-s
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216 GIL, GlM, 1. GIN, Be firm, true
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_.~~~-=-~ 218 ----~------~--_._--._
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220 Der. nam-gú-slr = 1;;:il}ru. l
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222 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR IMI-TEG, Rave
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~ 224 SUMERlAN GRAMMAR KESDA, Bind.
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226 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR l. LAG, Be cle
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~ ---~~-- ____ 228 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR
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230 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 1. MURUB, Womb
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~--- ---=- --~.''''-----_._--~".,--
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----------- -- -~ --- ------- 234 S
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~..-._- -------_.~ --:-:o"'---~.:--
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----.....~-~- 238 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR
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o~ - 240 SUMERJAN GRAMMAIt 3. SIL,
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:tl ~, 242 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 2, 6. O
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'----_. 244 SUMERIAN • GRAMMAR wh
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246 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR ~'>' -'~- --==
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248 SUMEHIAN GRAMMAR 1. TUB, To rep
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250 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR inilu kissati,
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252 SUMERIAN GRAMMAR 31, 18. Innini
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254 5' SUMERIAN GRAMMAR who is prot
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256 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 3. USAN, Elami
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258 SUMERJAN GRAMMAR 3. zm, MeaI. z
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. XXVI, V 83. a SYLLABIC Jj ~ar~~ -
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il ea). - ~T bar ~- r . bar is not
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- ~ T~ im dlg lt~~~: ~-- ~~n ~(GU-
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LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SYLLABlC
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-r ORIGINAL LIST OF THE MOST IMPORT
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ly 1/60. g'im gWl , ~- LIST OFANCIE
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O. 4686 rey. 3.J SUM ug 7 11111 ASS
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~ I ~CT.XV LlST OF THE MOST IMPORTA
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~ mTT •.... ~ :'n ~~T~T -v" W~ H
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~I ( I ~HH ft Sever, ~S ~
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kur 'it LIST OF THE MOST ASSYRIAN O
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p " .ll vv ~B ~H~ + ~Tn t:.f + t T~
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mus mug ~(Gudea) {;-
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mn ----_._~_.- ---.- ..- * LIST OFA
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1'UH -~~t LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTAN
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il á +~B ~~m (?) áSSYRIA:,( A:\CI
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~ l' l..ln sd ~BmY €7,0 4J~ §::t
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sigsin sir ck, ~ LIST OF THE MOST A
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un ul m :--.~ -~--------- - ium I I
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- ur rr* rmün ~ ;:~ .t'r ur " -.~-
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zá 302 ASSYRIAN SIGN ANClENT SIGN
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T INDEX1 a, Signs for, ;¿9, 32. In
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ha, Alter loan-words, § 22 and p.
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ADDENDA § 1. Kengin = Nippur. Note
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Page 8, note 1, 1. 2, read occurrin
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