Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

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CONCLUSION • Hemp stems could be defibrated with P. radiata Cel 26 on at least the 100 g scale to make fibers, since the pectin and wax rich epidermis was degraded. • The fibers retained parallel orientation and are thus useful for unidirectional composites. • Lignin located in the middle lamellae between the single fibers made defibration with pectinase enzymes difficult without simultaneous oxidation of lignin as performed by P. radiata Cel 26. • Fibers defibrated using P. radiata Cel 26 were stiffer than untreated fibers in epoxy composites, since the cell wall aggregates were glued together to form a stiff structure. REFERENCE LIST Browning, B. L. (1967). Methods of wood chemistry. New York: Interscience Publishers, A division of John Wiley & Sons. Cichocki, F. R., & Thomason, J. L. (2002). Thermoelastic anisotropy of a natural fiber. Composites Science and Technology, 62, 669-678. Daniel, G., & Nilsson, T. (1994). Polylaminate concentric cell wall layering in fibres of Homalium foetidum and its effect on degradation by microfungi. In Donaldson LA, Davies, G. C., & Bruce, D. M. (1997). A stress analysis model for composite coaxial cylinders. Journal of Materials Science, 32, 5425-5437. Fink, H. P., Walenta, E., & Kunze, J. (1999). The structure of natural cellulosic fibres - Part 2. The supermolecular structure of bast fibres and their changes by mercerization as revealed by X-ray diffraction and C-13-NMR-spectroscopy. Papier, 53, 534-542. Garcia-Jaldon, C., Dupeyre., D., & Vignon, M. R. (1998). Fibres from semi-retted hemp bundles by steam explosion treatment. Biomass & Bioenergy, 14, 251-260. Hepworth, D. G., Vincent, J. F. V., Jeronimidis, G., & Bruce, D. M. (2000). The penetration of epoxy resin into plant fibre cell walls increases the stiffness of plant fibre composites. Composites Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing, 31, 599-601. Hofrichter, M., Lundell, T., & Hatakka, A. (2001). Conversion of milled pine wood by manganese peroxidase from Phlebia radiata. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 67, 4588-4593. Jensen, W. (1962 ). Botanical histochemistry, principles and practice. San Francisco: WH Freeman and Co. Khalili, S., Daniel, G., & Nilsson, T. (2000). Use of soft rot fungi for studies on the microstructure of kapok (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) fibre cell walls. Holzforschung, 54, 229-233. Khalili, S., Nilsson, T., & Daniel, G. (2001). The use of soft rot fungi for determining the microfibrillar orientation in the S2 layer of pine tracheids. Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff, 58, 439-447. Madsen, F. T., Burgert, I., Jungnikl, K., Felby, C., & Thomsen, A. B. (2003). Effect of enzyme treatment and steam explosion on tensile properties of single hemp fiber. In 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (ISWPC) (P80). Madison. Madsen, B., & Lilholt, H. (2003). Physical and mechanical properties of unidirectional plant fibre composites - an evaluation of the influence of porosity. Composites Science and Technology, 63, 1265-1272. Mcdougall, G. J., Morrison, I. M., Stewart, D., Weyers, J. D. B., & Hillman, J. R. (1993). Plant fibers - botany, chemistry and processing for industrial use. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 62, 1-20. 102 Risø-PhD-11
Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A., Millet, J., & Demarty, M. (1990). Degradation of flax polysaccharides with purified endo-polygalacturonase. Carbohydrate Polymers, 13, 149-163. Mukherjee, P. S., & Satyanarayana, K. G. (1986). An empirical-evaluation of structure property relationships in natural fibers and their fracture-behavior. Journal of Materials Science, 21, 4162-4168. Mwaikambo, L. Y., & Ansell, M. P. (2003). Hemp fibre reinforced cashew nut shell liquid composites. Composites Science and Technology, 63, 1297-1305. Nyhlen, L., & Nilsson, T. (1987). Combined T.E.M. and UV-microscopy on delignification of pine wood by Phlebia radiata and four other white rotters. In Odier E, editors. Proc. of lignin enzymic and microbial degradation symposium. INRA Publications, p 277-282. Page, D. H., & Elhosseiny, F. (1983). The mechanical properties of single wood pulp fibers. 6. Fibril angle and the shape of the stress-strain curve. Pulp & Paper- Canada, 84, TR99-T100. Purz, H. J., Fink, H. P., & Graf, H. (1998). Zur Struktur Cellulosischer Naturfasern. Das Papier, 6, 315-324. Strivastava, L. (1966). Histochemical studies on lignin. Tappi, 49, 173-183. Thygesen, A., Lilholt, H., Daniel, G., & Thomsen, A. B. Composites based on fungal retted hemp fibres and epoxy resin. unpublished. Thygesen, A., Madsen, F. T., Lilholt, H., Felby, C., & Thomsen, A. B. (2002). Changes in chemical composition, degree of crystallisation and polymerisation of cellulose in hemp fibres caused by pre-treatment. In Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L. P., & Sørensen, B. F., editors. Proceedings of the 23th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science: Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Denmark: Risø National Laboratory, p 315-323. Wu, J., Fukazawa, K., & Ohtani, J. (1992). Distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl lignins in hardwoods in relation to habitat and porosity form in wood. Holzforschung, 46, 181-185. Risø-PhD-11 103
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Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
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Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
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PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
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1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
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2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
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4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
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4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
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The only fertilizer used was 360/48
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Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
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Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
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Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
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Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
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to the computing effort and the sub
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Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
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fibre mats, which are made by air-d
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Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
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A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
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water vapour and air are removed fr
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7 Defibration methods Defibration m
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Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
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a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
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8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
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8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
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E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: Second mode: Failure is controlled
Page 53 and 54: structure, which made much higher f
Page 55 and 56: Table 7. Porosity factors determine
Page 57 and 58: Thereby, the effective fibre streng
Page 59 and 60: a b Composite tensile strength σcu
Page 61 and 62: Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
Page 63 and 64: a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
Page 65 and 66: Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
Page 67 and 68: 11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
Page 69 and 70: Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brin
Page 71 and 72: Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
Page 73 and 74: Appendix A: Comprehensive composite
Page 75 and 76: The porosity constants can now be d
Page 77 and 78: Appendix D: Density and mechanical
Page 79 and 80: Paper I Changes in chemical composi
Page 81 and 82: Risø-PhD-11 81
Page 89 and 90: Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
Page 91 and 92: ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
Page 93 and 94: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
Page 95 and 96: 2000) and their orientation gave th
Page 97 and 98: By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Chemical composition of th
Page 101: Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
Page 119 and 120: Paper IV Comparison of composites m
Page 121 and 122: ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix compo
Page 123 and 124: the calculation of volume fractions
Page 125 and 126: solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
Page 127 and 128: E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
Page 129 and 130: Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
Page 131 and 132: transverse section of the small hem
Page 133 and 134: Long fibres that pass through the e
Page 135 and 136: Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
Page 137 and 138: DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
Page 139 and 140: This investigation showed that the
Page 141 and 142: Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
Page 143 and 144: Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of h
Page 147: Risø’s research is aimed at solv
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