Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

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12 Symbols and Abbreviations αf/αm Porosity constants for fibres and matrix (vol/vol) ε Strain σ Ultimate stress (MPa) ρ Density (g/cm 3 ) θ Angle τ Shear stress (MPa) σm Matrix stress at the point of composite failure (MPa) a Fitting parameter (-) b Fitting parameter (-)/Sample width (mm) C.sub. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora E Stiffness (GPa) HT Hydrothermal treatment l Sample length (mm) n Sample size (-) nσ/nE Porosity constants for composite strength and stiffness PE Polyethylene, filament yarn Pec Pectinex (Flaxzyme) PET Polyethyleneterephthalate, filament yarn PP Polypropylene, filament yarn P. rad. Phlebia radiata Cel 26 STEX Steam explosion t Sample thickness (mm) TEX Linear density (g/1000 m) v Absolute volume (cm 3 ) V Volume fraction (vol/vol) Vf,(max) Maximum attainable fibre volume fraction (vol/vol) Vf,(obt) Maximum obtainable fibre volume fraction (vol/vol) w Absolute mass (g) W Weight fraction WO Wet oxidation Indices c Composite f Fibres m Matrix p Porosity u Ultimate x Direction along fibres, axial direction (0°) y Direction perpendicular to fibres, transverse direction (90°) 72 Risø-PhD-11
Appendix A: Comprehensive composite data Physical and mechanical properties measured for the composites and the calculated fibre properties after correction of composite strength and stiffness for porosity. Long fibre bundles over the entire test length (18 cm) and short overlapping fibres of 6 cm length were used in the fibre lay-ups. Fibre type Technique / fibre length Fibres from hemp stems treated with: Water retting C. sub. P. radiata cel 26 Hemp yarn Tex 47 Wf %w/w Vf %v/v Vm %v/v Vp %v/v ρc g/cm 3 No fibres No cover 0 0 98 2 1.136 64 2.974 3.6 k=32.7 23 17 76 7 1.126 95 15.2 0.78 21 111 16.4 575 85.3 Raw bast >18 cm 30 22 72 6 1.161 122 17.1 1.11 29 140 18.2 541 72.9 35 26 68 6 1.178 122 20.4 0.75 20 141 21.9 489 76.3 18 13 81 6 1.131 88 13.4 0.72 20 99 14.2 636 90.5 >18 cm 30 40 22 29 73 62 5 9 1.177 1.168 129 151 20.3 25.3 0.72 0.66 20 18 143 21.4 182 27.7 582 584 86.9 88.4 42 31 61 8 1.187 153 26.4 0.66 18 181 28.6 540 85.4 16 12 86 3 1.158 59 10.7 0.63 17 62 10.9 400 71.6 6 cm 29 22 73 5 1.177 100 18.0 0.70 19 111 19.0 446 76.8 36 28 69 3 1.220 130 24.3 0.69 19 140 25.1 457 83.0 26 19 78 2 1.194 112 16.1 0.95 25 118 16.5 506 72.8 6 cm 32 25 73 2 1.228 137 25.0 0.66 18 143 25.6 518 93.6 35 27 69 4 1.216 150 22.7 0.84 23 162 23.5 539 79.3 21 16 81 3 1.174 112 15.7 0.92 25 119 16.2 622 86.2 >18 cm 27 20 77 3 1.196 162 22.1 1.09 29 171 22.7 740 101.8 42 32 62 5 1.217 174 30.1 0.75 21 196 31.8 567 93.0 18 18 79 3 1.189 161 13.6 1.78 43 171 14.0 746 63.4 Wound 30 40 19 27 79 68 2 5 1.200 1.198 160 209 12.7 17.3 1.87 1.82 44 43 167 12.9 235 18.3 709 770 56.8 61.0 42 35 60 6 1.229 230 21.3 1.64 40 261 22.6 686 60.1 >18 cm 9 15 23 24 73 73 3 4 1.208 1.207 164 187 16.0 16.0 1.55 1.63 38 40 200 16.5 177 16.6 730 625 61.3 60.4 Hemp 22 22 75 3 1.204 157 13.1 1.93 45 166 13.5 611 51.9 yarn Tex 91 >18 cm 18 24 74 2 1.230 153 13.5 1.91 45 158 13.7 516 47.7 Barley straw >18 cm 9 15 22 5 7 10 70 55 46 25 37 44 0.870 0.743 0.671 19 15 19 3.0 3.2 4.0 0.63 0.58 0.52 18 16 16 26 23 33 3.0 3.2 4.0 251 194 263 18.2 21.2 26.7 E-Glass Wound >18 cm 42 55 40 59 24 35 22 38 76 64 77 61 1 1 1 2 1.484 1.648 1.470 1.686 387 467 313 482 23.7 30.3 20.4 29.6 1.70 1.57 1.60 1.68 41 39 39 41 393 23.9 1539 479 30.7 1316 318 20.5 1281 498 30.1 1251 91.8 83.4 81.3 74.7 Wound 76 57 41 2 1.963 769 41.5 1.68 41 802 42.3 1418 72.7 σcu MPa Ec GPa εc % σM MPa σcup MPa Ecp GPa σfu MPa Risø-PhD-11 73 Ef GPa
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Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
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Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
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PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
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1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
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2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
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4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
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4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
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The only fertilizer used was 360/48
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Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
Page 23 and 24: Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
Page 25 and 26: Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
Page 27 and 28: to the computing effort and the sub
Page 29 and 30: Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
Page 31 and 32: fibre mats, which are made by air-d
Page 33 and 34: Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
Page 35 and 36: A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
Page 37 and 38: water vapour and air are removed fr
Page 39 and 40: 7 Defibration methods Defibration m
Page 41 and 42: Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
Page 43 and 44: a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
Page 45 and 46: 8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
Page 47 and 48: 8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
Page 49 and 50: E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: Second mode: Failure is controlled
Page 53 and 54: structure, which made much higher f
Page 55 and 56: Table 7. Porosity factors determine
Page 57 and 58: Thereby, the effective fibre streng
Page 59 and 60: a b Composite tensile strength σcu
Page 61 and 62: Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
Page 63 and 64: a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
Page 65 and 66: Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
Page 67 and 68: 11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
Page 69 and 70: Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brin
Page 71: Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
Page 75 and 76: The porosity constants can now be d
Page 77 and 78: Appendix D: Density and mechanical
Page 79 and 80: Paper I Changes in chemical composi
Page 81 and 82: Risø-PhD-11 81
Page 89 and 90: Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
Page 91 and 92: ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
Page 93 and 94: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
Page 95 and 96: 2000) and their orientation gave th
Page 97 and 98: By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Chemical composition of th
Page 101 and 102: Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
Page 103 and 104: Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A.
Page 119 and 120: Paper IV Comparison of composites m
Page 121 and 122: ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix compo
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the calculation of volume fractions
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solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
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E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
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Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
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transverse section of the small hem
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Long fibres that pass through the e
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Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
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DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
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This investigation showed that the
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Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
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Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of h
Page 145 and 146:
Risø-PhD-11 145
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Risø’s research is aimed at solv
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