Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

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Lilholt, H., 2002. Strength of cellulose and fibres. In: Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L.P., Sørensen, B.F. (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory. Denmark. pp. 225-230. Lilholt, H., Lawther, J.M., 2000. Natural organic fibres. Elsevier. In: Kelly, A. and Zweben, C. (Ed.), Comprehensive composite materials, vol. 1, pp. 303-325. Madsen, B., 2004. Properties of plant fibre yarn polymer composites - An experimental study. Ph.D. thesis, BYG-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, ISBN 87-7877-145-5. Madsen, B., Lilholt, H., 2003. Physical and mechanical properties of unidirectional plant fibre composites - an evaluation of the influence of porosity. Compos. Sci. and Technol. 63, 1265-1272. Madsen, F.T., Burgert, I., Jungnikl, K., Felby, C., Thomsen, A.B., 2003. Effect of enzyme treatment and steam explosion on tensile properties of single hemp fiber. In: 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (ISWPC), Madison, P80. Meijer, W.J.M., Vertregt, N., Rutgers, B., van de Waart, M., 1995. The pectin content as a measure of the retting and rettability of flax. Ind. Crops Prod. 4, 273- 284. Mieck, K.-P, Lützkendorf, R., Reussmann, T., 1996. Needle-punched hybrid nonwovens of flax and PP fibers -textile semiproducts for manufacturing of fiber composites. Polym. Compos. 17, 873-878. Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A., Millet, J., Demarty, M., 1990. Degradation of flax polysaccharides with purified endo-polygalacturonase. Carbohydr. Polym. 13, 149-163. Nishiyama, Y., Langan, P., Chanzy, H. 2002. Crystal structure and hydrogenbonding system in cellulose Iβ from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 9074-9082. Nyhlen, L., Nilsson, T., 1987. Combined T.E.M. and UV-microscopy on delignification of pine wood by Phlebia radiata and four other white rotters. In: Odier, E. (Ed.), Proc. of Lignin Enzymic and Microbial Degradation Symposium, INRA Publications, pp. 277-282. Obrien, R.N., Hartman, K., 1971. Air infrared spectroscopy study of epoxy-cellulose interface. J. Polym. Sci. Part C-Polym. Symp. 34, 293. Page, D.H., El-Hosseiny, F., Winkler, K., and Lancaster, A.P.S., 1977. Elastic modulus of single wood pulp fibers. Tappi 60, 114-117. Rosember, J.A., 1965. Bacteria responsible for retting of Brazilian flax. Appl. Microbiol. 13, 991-992. Thomsen, A.B., Rasmussen, S., Bohn, V., Nielsen, K.V., Thygesen, A., 2005. Hemp raw materials: The effect of cultivar, growth conditions and pretreatment on the chemical composition of the fibres. R-1507, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark. 142 Risø-PhD-11
Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites - An optimisation of fibre properties using novel defibration methods and detailed fibre characterisation. Risø-PhD-11(EN), Risø National Laboratory, Denmark. Thygesen, A., Daniel, G., Lilholt, H., Thomsen, A.B., 2005a. Hemp fiber microstructure and use of fungal defibration to obtain fibers for composite materials. J. Nat. fibres 2, 19-37. Thygesen, A., Madsen, F.T., Lilholt, H, Felby, C., Thomsen, A.B., 2002. Changes in chemical composition, degree of crystallisation and polymerisation of cellulose in hemp fibres caused by pre-treatment. In: Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L.P., Sørensen, B.F. (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory. Denmark, pp. 315-323. Thygesen, A., Oddershede, J., Lilholt, H., Thomsen, A.B., Ståhl, K., 2005b. On the determination of crystallinity and cellulose content in plant fibres. Cellulose 12, 563-576. Toftegaard, H. and Lilholt, H., 2002. Effective stiffness and strength of flax fibres derived from short fibre laminates. In: Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L.P., Sørensen, B.F. (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory. Denmark, pp. 325-334. Risø-PhD-11 143
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Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
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Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
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PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
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1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
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2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
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4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
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4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
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The only fertilizer used was 360/48
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Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
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Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
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Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
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Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
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to the computing effort and the sub
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Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
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fibre mats, which are made by air-d
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Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
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A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
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water vapour and air are removed fr
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7 Defibration methods Defibration m
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Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
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a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
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8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
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8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
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E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
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Second mode: Failure is controlled
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structure, which made much higher f
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Table 7. Porosity factors determine
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Thereby, the effective fibre streng
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a b Composite tensile strength σcu
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Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
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a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
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Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
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11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
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Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brin
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Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
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Appendix A: Comprehensive composite
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The porosity constants can now be d
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Appendix D: Density and mechanical
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Paper I Changes in chemical composi
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Risø-PhD-11 81
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Risø-PhD-11 83
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Risø-PhD-11 85
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Risø-PhD-11 87
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Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
Page 91 and 92: ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
Page 93 and 94: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
Page 95 and 96: 2000) and their orientation gave th
Page 97 and 98: By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Chemical composition of th
Page 101 and 102: Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
Page 103 and 104: Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A.
Page 105 and 106: Risø-PhD-11 105
Page 119 and 120: Paper IV Comparison of composites m
Page 121 and 122: ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix compo
Page 123 and 124: the calculation of volume fractions
Page 125 and 126: solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
Page 127 and 128: E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
Page 129 and 130: Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
Page 131 and 132: transverse section of the small hem
Page 133 and 134: Long fibres that pass through the e
Page 135 and 136: Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
Page 137 and 138: DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
Page 139 and 140: This investigation showed that the
Page 141: Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
Page 147: Risø’s research is aimed at solv
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