Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

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Figure 3. Produced hemp fibres showed as the area based yield (a) (kg/ha) after growth of three cultivars at Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Flakkebjerg in 2001 with varied seed and fertilizer (N) addition (Data from HeFiNaC meeting nr. 14). 5.1.3 Climate in the growth period in 2001 Since there was not climate data for the Flakkebjerg site, Årslev was used which is a station at the same altitude and 20 km west of the Great belt on Fyn.10 km southwest of Odense. and 60 km west of Flakkebjerg. The temperature was generally 7-20°C in the first 5 weeks and the last 7 weeks of the cultivation period. The rest of the time was summer with temperatures between 10 and 25°C. Frost and extreme heat (>35°C) was avoid during the entire growth period (Figure 4). The precipitation came at moderate rate of up to 60 mm/week. Until week 30, the amount of precipitation was in average 10 mm/week and thereafter 20 mm/week. It is usual with most precipitation during late summer and autumn in Denmark (Cappelsen & Jørgensen, 2002). The longest dry period lasted 2 weeks (week 29-30) so the plant growth was presumably not stopped due to lack of water. The total amount of precipitation in the period was 350 mm (Figure 5). The amount of sunshine was highest in the beginning of the period (75 hours/week). From week 27 to 42, the amount of sunshine decreased from 75 to 25 hours/week at an approximately linear trend (Figure 6) due to decreasing day length and slightly increasing cloud cover (Cappelsen & Jørgensen, 2002). The total amount of sunshine was 1300 hours in the period. 16 Risø-PhD-11
Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Week maximum Daily Maximum Average Daily minimum Week minimum 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Week nr. in 2001 Figure 4. Temperature at the Årslev site in the growth period displayed as weekly average (thick line), maximum and minimum (dotted lines). Average of the daily minimum – and maximum temperature every week are included (full lines) (data from Cappelsen, 2004). Precipitation [mm] 400 300 200 100 Accumulated precipitation Weekly precipitation 0 10 20 30 40 Week nr. in 2001 Figure 5. Precipitation at the Årslev site in the growth period displayed as weekly precipitation and the accumulated precipitation (data from Cappelsen, 2004). Risø-PhD-11 17 100 75 50 25 0 Precipitation [mm/week]
Page 1 and 2: Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
Page 5 and 6: PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
Page 7 and 8: 1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
Page 9 and 10: 2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
Page 11 and 12: 4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
Page 13 and 14: 4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
Page 15: The only fertilizer used was 360/48
Page 19 and 20: A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
Page 23 and 24: Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
Page 25 and 26: Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
Page 27 and 28: to the computing effort and the sub
Page 29 and 30: Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
Page 31 and 32: fibre mats, which are made by air-d
Page 33 and 34: Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
Page 35 and 36: A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
Page 37 and 38: water vapour and air are removed fr
Page 39 and 40: 7 Defibration methods Defibration m
Page 41 and 42: Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
Page 43 and 44: a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
Page 45 and 46: 8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
Page 47 and 48: 8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
Page 49 and 50: E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: Second mode: Failure is controlled
Page 53 and 54: structure, which made much higher f
Page 55 and 56: Table 7. Porosity factors determine
Page 57 and 58: Thereby, the effective fibre streng
Page 59 and 60: a b Composite tensile strength σcu
Page 61 and 62: Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
Page 63 and 64: a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
Page 65 and 66: Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
Page 67 and 68:
11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
Page 69 and 70:
Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brin
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Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
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Appendix A: Comprehensive composite
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The porosity constants can now be d
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Appendix D: Density and mechanical
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Paper I Changes in chemical composi
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Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
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ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
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METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
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2000) and their orientation gave th
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By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
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Table 1. Chemical composition of th
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Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
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Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A.
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Paper IV Comparison of composites m
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ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix compo
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the calculation of volume fractions
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solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
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E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
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Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
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transverse section of the small hem
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Long fibres that pass through the e
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Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
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DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
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This investigation showed that the
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Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
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Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of h
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Risø-PhD-11 145
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Risø’s research is aimed at solv
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