Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Davies GC, Bruce DM, 1997. A stress analysis model for composite coaxial cylinders. J Mater Sci, 32: pp. 5425-5437. de Meijer EPM, 1995. Fibre hemp cultivars: A survey of origin, ancestry, availability and breif agronomic characteristics. Journal of the International Hemp Association, 2: pp. 66- 73. Debye P, 1915. Zerstreuung von röntgenstrahlen. P Ann Phys, 46: pp. 809-823. Deferne J-L, Pate DW, 1996. Hemp seed oil: A source of valuable fatty acids. Journal of the International Hemp Association, 3: pp. 1-7. Dobel J, 2002. The future of airlaid forming. Nonwoven World, June-Juli: pp. 53-56. Eriksen M, Pallesen BE, 2002. New generation airforming for flax and hemp. Nonwoven World, June-July: pp. 80-84. Evans R, Wearne RH, Wallis AFA, 1989. Molecular-weight distribution of cellulose as its tricarbanilate by high-performance size exclusion chromatography. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 37: pp. 3291-3303. Fan LT, Lee Y-H, Gharpuray MM, 1982. The nature of lignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis. Advanced Biochemical Engineering, 23: pp. 158- 187. Felby C, Klinke HB, Olsen HS, Thomsen AB, 2003. Ethanol from wheat straw cellulose by wet oxidation pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. ACS Symposium Series 855; pp. 157-174. Fink HP, Walenta E, Kunze J, 1999. The structure of natural cellulosic fibres - Part 2. The supermolecular structure of bast fibres and their changes by mercerization as revealed by X-ray diffraction and C-13-NMR-spectroscopy. Papier, 53: pp. 534-542. Fournier G, Richezdumanois C, Duvezin J, Mathieu JP, Paris M, 1987. Identification of A New Chemotype in Cannabis-Sativa - Cannabigerol-Dominant Plants, Biogenetic and Agronomic Prospects. Planta Medica: pp. 277-280. Gamstedt EK, Berglund LA, Peijs T, 1999. Fatigue mechanisms in unidirectional glass-fibrereinforced polypropylene. Compos Sci Technol, 59: pp. 759-768. Garcia-Jaldon C, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR, 1998. Fibres from semi-retted hemp bundles by steam explosion treatment. Biomass & Bioenergy, 14: pp. 251-260. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ, 1970. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Washington, DC: Agricultural Research Service, USDA. Grosberg P, Iype C, 1999. Yarn production. Theoretical aspects. 2 nd ed. Manchester: The Textile Institute. Han JS, Rowell JS, 1996. Chemical composition of fibers in paper and composites from agrobased resources. Lewis Publishers. Heiner AP, Teleman O, 1997. Interface between monoclinic crystalline cellulose and water: Breakdown of the odd/even duplicity. Langmuir, 13: pp. 511-518. Henriksson G, Akin DE, Hanlin RT, Rodriguez C, Archibald DD, Rigsby LL, et al., 1997. Identification and retting efficiencies of fungi isolated from dew-retted flax in the United States and Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63: pp. 3950-3956. Hepworth DG, Hobson RN, Bruce DM, Farrent JW, 2000. The use of unretted hemp fibre in composite manufacture. Composites Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing, 31: pp. 1279-1283. Herer J, 1985. Hemp & the marijuana conspiracy: The emperor wears no clothes. Van Nuys: Hemp Publishing. Hobson RN, Hepworth DG, Bruce DM, 2001. Quality of fibre separated from unretted hemp stems by decortication. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78: pp. 153-158. Hoffmann W, 1961. Hanf, Cannabis sativa L. In: Kappert H, Rudorf W, editors. Handbuch der Pflanzenzüchtung. Berlin: Paul Parey. pp. 204-261. Hull D, Clyne TW, 1996. An introduction to composite materials, 2 ed. Cambridge University Press. 68 Risø-PhD-11
Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brink DL, 1991. The Complete Analysis of Wood Polysaccharides Using Hplc. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 11: pp. 447- 463. Kandachar P, 2002. Oppertunities for product development for industrial applications in polymers reinforced with natural fibres. In: Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L.P., Sørensen, B.F. (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23 th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark, pp. 15-33. Karus M, Kaup M, Ortmann S, 2002. Use of natural fibres in the German and Austrian automotive industry. Hürth, Germany. Nova-Institute GmbH. Klinke HB, Ahring BK, Schmidt AS, Thomsen AB, 2002. Characterization of degradation products from alkaline wet oxidation of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol, 82: pp. 15-26. Klinke HB, Lilholt H, Toftegaard H, Andersen TL, Schmidt AS, Thomsen AB, 2001. Wood and plant fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. 1 st world conference on biomass for energy and industry: James & James (Science Publishers), pp. 1082-1085. Kompella MK, Lambros J, 2002. Micromechanical characterisation of cellulose fibers. Polymer Testing, 21: pp. 523-530. Liitia T, Maunu SL, Hortling B, Tamminen T, Pekkala O, Varhimo A, 2003. Cellulose crystallinity and ordering of hemicelluloses in pine and birch pulps as revealed by solidstate NMR spectroscopic methods. Cellulose, 10: pp. 307-316. Lilholt H, 2002. Strength of cellulose and fibres. In: Lilholt H, Madsen B, Toftegaard H, Cendre E, Megnis M, Mikkelsen LP, Sørensen BF (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23 th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark, pp. 225-30. Lilholt H, Lawther JM, 2000. Natural organic fibres. Elsevier. In: Kelly, A. and Zweben, C. (Ed.), Comprehensive composite materials, vol. 1, pp. 303-325. Liu R, Yu H, Huang Y, 2005. Structure and morphology of cellulose in wheat straw. Cellulose, 12: pp. 25-34. Lystrup Aa, 1997. Processing technology for advanced fibre composites with thermoplastic matrices. In: Andersen SI, Brøndsted P, Lilholt H., Lystrup Aa, Rheinländer JT, Sørensen BF, Toftegaard H. (Ed.), Polymeric composites – Expanding the limits. Proceedings of the 18 th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark, pp. 69-80. Madsen B. Properties of plant fibre yarn polymer composites - An experimental study. Report nr. 082, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark; 2004. Madsen B, Lilholt H, 2002. Compaction of plant fibre assemblies in relation to composite fabrication. In: Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Toftegaard, H., Cendre, E., Megnis, M., Mikkelsen, L.P., Sørensen, B.F. (Ed.), Sustainable natural and polymeric composites - science and technology. Proceedings of the 23 th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark, pp. 239-250. Madsen B, Lilholt H, 2005. Plant fibre composites - porosity and volumetric interaction. Unpublished. Madsen B, Lilholt H, 2003. Physical and mechanical properties of unidirectional plant fibre composites - an evaluation of the influence of porosity. Compos Sci Technol, 63: pp. 1265-1272. Madsen FT, Burgert I, Jungnikl K, Felby C, Thomsen AB, 2003. Effect of enzyme treatment and steam explosion on tensile properties of single hemp fiber. 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (ISWPC); Madison, P80. Mcdougall GJ, Morrison IM, Stewart D, Weyers JDB, Hillman JR, 1993. Plant fibers - botany, chemistry and processing for industrial use. J Sci Food Agric, 62: pp. 1-20. Meijer WJM, Vertregt N, Rutgers B, van de Waart M, 1995. The pectin content as a measure of the retting and rettability of flax. Ind Crops Prod, 4: pp. 273-284. Risø-PhD-11 69
Page 1 and 2:
Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
Page 5 and 6:
PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
Page 7 and 8:
1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
Page 9 and 10:
2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
Page 11 and 12:
4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
Page 13 and 14:
4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
Page 15 and 16:
The only fertilizer used was 360/48
Page 17 and 18: Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 19 and 20: A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
Page 23 and 24: Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
Page 25 and 26: Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
Page 27 and 28: to the computing effort and the sub
Page 29 and 30: Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
Page 31 and 32: fibre mats, which are made by air-d
Page 33 and 34: Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
Page 35 and 36: A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
Page 37 and 38: water vapour and air are removed fr
Page 39 and 40: 7 Defibration methods Defibration m
Page 41 and 42: Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
Page 43 and 44: a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
Page 45 and 46: 8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
Page 47 and 48: 8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
Page 49 and 50: E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: Second mode: Failure is controlled
Page 53 and 54: structure, which made much higher f
Page 55 and 56: Table 7. Porosity factors determine
Page 57 and 58: Thereby, the effective fibre streng
Page 59 and 60: a b Composite tensile strength σcu
Page 61 and 62: Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
Page 63 and 64: a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
Page 65 and 66: Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
Page 67: 11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
Page 71 and 72: Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
Page 73 and 74: Appendix A: Comprehensive composite
Page 75 and 76: The porosity constants can now be d
Page 77 and 78: Appendix D: Density and mechanical
Page 79 and 80: Paper I Changes in chemical composi
Page 81 and 82: Risø-PhD-11 81
Page 89 and 90: Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
Page 91 and 92: ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
Page 93 and 94: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
Page 95 and 96: 2000) and their orientation gave th
Page 97 and 98: By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Chemical composition of th
Page 101 and 102: Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
Page 103 and 104: Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A.
Page 119 and 120:
Paper IV Comparison of composites m
Page 121 and 122:
ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix compo
Page 123 and 124:
the calculation of volume fractions
Page 125 and 126:
solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
Page 127 and 128:
E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
Page 129 and 130:
Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
Page 131 and 132:
transverse section of the small hem
Page 133 and 134:
Long fibres that pass through the e
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
Page 137 and 138:
DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
Page 139 and 140:
This investigation showed that the
Page 141 and 142:
Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
Page 143 and 144:
Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of h
Page 145 and 146:
Risø-PhD-11 145
Page 147:
Risø’s research is aimed at solv
show all

Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?