Properties of hemp fibre polymer composites -An optimisation of ...

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Comparison of composites made from fungal defibrated hemp with composites of traditional hemp yarn Anders Thygesen 1,2,3* , Anne Belinda Thomsen 3 , Geoffrey Daniel 4 and Hans Lilholt 1 1 Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; 2 Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Højbakkegård Allé 1, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark; 3 Biosystems Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; 4 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, WURC, P.O. Box 7008, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. *Corresponding Author: Anders Thygesen: Fax: +45 46774122; Telephone: +45 46774279; anders.thygesen@risoe.dk Correspondence address: Biosystems Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Journal: Industrial Crops and Products, Accepted. 120 Risø-PhD-11
ABSTRACT Aligned epoxy-matrix composites were made from hemp fibres defibrated with the fungi Phlebia radiata Cel 26 and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora previously used for bio pulping of wood. The fibres produced by cultivation of P. radiata Cel 26 were more cellulose rich (78% w/w) than water-retted hemp due to more degradation of pectin and lignin. Even though the crystalline cellulose content in the fibres remained intact during water retting, the fibre bundle strength decreased, which shows that degradation of other components like pectin reduced the fibre strength. The defibrated hemp fibres had higher fibre stiffness (88-94 GPa) than the hemp yarn (60 GPa), which the fibre twisting in hemp yarn might explain. Even though mild processing was applied, the obtained fibre strength (643 MPa) was similar to the strength of traditionally produced hemp yarn (677 MPa). The fibre strength and stiffness properties are derived from composite data using the rule of mixtures model. The hemp fibre tensile strength increased linearly with cellulose content to 850 MPa for pure cellulose. The fibre stiffness increased also versus the cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity and reached a value of 125 GPa for pure crystalline cellulose. KEY WORDS A: Phlebia radiata Cel 26, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora B: Fibre composition, cellulose crystallinity C: Epoxy-matrix composites, mechanical properties Risø-PhD-11 121
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Risø-PhD-11(EN) Properties of hemp
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Contents Preface 6 1 Resumé 7 2 Li
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PhD thesis: Properties of hemp fibr
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1 Resumé Karakterisering af hampef
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2.4 Oral presentations Anders Thyge
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4 Introduction Hemp (Cannabis sativ
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4.2 The outline of the thesis The f
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The only fertilizer used was 360/48
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Temperature [ o C] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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A B Figure 7. A: Model of transvers
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Figure 8. Lignin (a), pectin (b) an
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Figure 11. Microfibril angles (MFA)
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Teleman, 1997). The crystal structu
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to the computing effort and the sub
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Figure 15. The structure of hemicel
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fibre mats, which are made by air-d
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Figure 18. From fibre filament to a
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A B C D Figure 20. Chemical structu
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water vapour and air are removed fr
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7 Defibration methods Defibration m
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Table 5. Fibre yield and cellulose
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a b c Composition [% w/w] 100 Compo
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8 Fibre strength in hemp The streng
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8.2 Effect of pre-treatment of hemp
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E-modulus [GPa] 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
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Second mode: Failure is controlled
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structure, which made much higher f
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Table 7. Porosity factors determine
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Thereby, the effective fibre streng
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a b Composite tensile strength σcu
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Table 9. Mechanical properties in a
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a σ c/ρ c [10 3 m 2 /s 2 ] b Ec/
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Fibre strength σ f [MPa] Fibre sti
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11 References Andersen TL, Lilholt
Page 69 and 70: Kaar WE, Cool LG, Merriman MM, Brin
Page 71 and 72: Stowell EZ, Liu TS, 1961. On the Me
Page 73 and 74: Appendix A: Comprehensive composite
Page 75 and 76: The porosity constants can now be d
Page 77 and 78: Appendix D: Density and mechanical
Page 79 and 80: Paper I Changes in chemical composi
Page 81 and 82: Risø-PhD-11 81
Page 89 and 90: Paper II Hemp fiber microstructure
Page 91 and 92: ABSTRACT Characterization of hemp f
Page 93 and 94: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Treatment of
Page 95 and 96: 2000) and their orientation gave th
Page 97 and 98: By TEM microscopy, the single fiber
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Chemical composition of th
Page 101 and 102: Table 2. Tensile strength (σ) and
Page 103 and 104: Morvan, C., Jauneau, A., Flaman, A.
Page 119: Paper IV Comparison of composites m
Page 123 and 124: the calculation of volume fractions
Page 125 and 126: solution (pH 4) for 4 h at 85°C. L
Page 127 and 128: E ⎛ dσ c ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dε
Page 129 and 130: Table 2. Chemical composition, stru
Page 131 and 132: transverse section of the small hem
Page 133 and 134: Long fibres that pass through the e
Page 135 and 136: Figure 6. Effect of composite fabri
Page 137 and 138: DISCUSSION The defibration of hemp
Page 139 and 140: This investigation showed that the
Page 141 and 142: Bos, H.L., Molenveld, K., Teunissen
Page 143 and 144: Thygesen, A., 2006. Properties of h
Page 147: Risø’s research is aimed at solv
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