FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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- 97 - DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION AND SIZING IN PIPELINE WELDMENTS BY ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC ECHO FEATURES J. P. MonckaZin Encigij, Wines and Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario J. F. Bus sie-in Nat ional Re seaicli Council o {
- 98 - characterization program based on these lines. Classification uses the algorithms based on a linear discriminant function, an empirical Bayesian classifier and a K-nearest neighbor method previously developed for acoustic emission by Tektrend Inc. In this paper, we report preliminary work made on this project, the application being considered at the beginning being the characterization and sizing of pipeline weld defects. EXPERIMENTAL Since the application considered first in this program is pipeline welds, samples with defects were prepared from 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) thick steel plates. Planar flaws were obtained by butt welding two plates laid side by side: one weld pass was made with insufficient penetration, then the plates were turned upside down and a second pass was made, leaving in the middle an unfused area, running the whole plate length. In this way, planar defects, which perfectly simulate internal lack of side wall fusion, were obtained. Long defects (10 inches or more) having uniform through-wall dimension of = 1, 2 and 3 mm were obtained. A flaw of 1 mm or less is generally considered as benign whereas larger flaws are considered critical (1). Four plates (labelled #3, #4, #5 and #6) were made in this way and then cut in half. One half of each plate was machined to remove the weld crown, whereas the other half was left unaltered. Defect size was measured visually from both ends of the plates. The following results were found: Plate #3: 2.75 mm - 3 mm Plate #4: 2 mm - size not well defined from one sick? Plate #5: 3.5 mm - 3 mm Plate #6: 1 mm - 1 mm Experimental data were taken from these samples at several locations along the defect using the pulse-echo immersion technique and broad-band commercial transducers at 5 MHz. Both planar and focused transducers were used with incidence angles of 45°, 60° and 75° in steel. Transducer height was adjusted in order that the defect was in the far field region of the planar transducer or in the focal zone of the focused transducer. The position of the transducer along the direction perpendicular to the defect was determined by maximizing the echo height for the planar transducer and somehow by trying to observe the maximum number of peaks with the focused one. The signal echo was digitized using a digital oscilloscope and the data was then stored for further computer processing. So far data has only been taken from the plates with the crown removed. DISCUSSION OF OBSERVED ECHO FEATURES The data taken with the planar transducer at 45° and 75° do not present any readily obvious distinguishing features, except some higher frequency oscillation at = 7 MHz for the 3 mm defects at 45°. At t>0°, trailing pulses are observed. The transducer being well damped poor signal-to-noise ratio is encountered and diffracted edge waves as predicted by elementary theory could not be clearly observed: theory predicts for a vertical defect that two pulses
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
Page 57 and 58: Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
Page 59 and 60: 0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
Page 61 and 62: - 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
Page 63 and 64: - 52 - specialized applications suc
Page 65 and 66: - 54 - As the probed surface is not
Page 67 and 68: - 56 - in practice the central frin
Page 69 and 70: - 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
Page 71 and 72: - 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
Page 73 and 74: Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
Page 75 and 76: CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
Page 77 and 78: - 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
Page 79 and 80: - 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
Page 81 and 82: - 70 - each waveform digitization t
Page 83 and 84: - 72 - Further development of the s
Page 85 and 86: TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
Page 87 and 88: SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
Page 89 and 90: Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
Page 91 and 92: - 80 - an additional reverse magnet
Page 93 and 94: - 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
Page 95 and 96: BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
Page 97 and 98: - 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
Page 99 and 100: -150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
Page 101 and 102: - 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
Page 103 and 104: (b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
Page 105 and 106: Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
Page 107: - 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
Page 111 and 112: - 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
Page 115 and 116: - 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
Page 117 and 118: - 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
Page 119 and 120: DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
Page 121 and 122: - 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
Page 123 and 124: FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
Page 125 and 126: FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
Page 127 and 128: - 116 - "Events on earth consist in
Page 129 and 130: - 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
Page 131 and 132: - 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
Page 133 and 134: PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
Page 135 and 136: - 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
Page 137 and 138: i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
Page 139 and 140: TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
Page 141 and 142: - 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
Page 143 and 144: 5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
Page 145 and 146: - 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
Page 147 and 148: - 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
Page 149 and 150: - 138 - Back end of system. The com
Page 151 and 152: - IAO - to be loaded properly into
Page 153 and 154: 20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
Page 155 and 156: % -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
Page 157 and 158: - 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
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100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
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- 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
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- 264 - Metal components with class
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- 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
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- 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
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100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
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- 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
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900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
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- 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
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- 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
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- 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
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- 282 - but not reseted, so the com
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- 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
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0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
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- 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
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- 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
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- 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
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- 294 - The groundwork is in place.
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- 296 - The graduates of these prog
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- 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
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- 300 - (e) A differing but persist
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250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
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LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
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- 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
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- 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
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- 309 - The system described in thi
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and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
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TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
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m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
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- 317 - deep penetration in same fo
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- 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
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density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
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(0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
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60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
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- 327 -
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- 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
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- 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
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- 333 - function is approximated by
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PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
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to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
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Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
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- 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
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- 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
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- 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
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pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
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- 349 - linear system of equations
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- 351 - These boundary conditions a
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10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
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3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
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INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
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- 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
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INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
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- 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
Page 379 and 380:
—- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
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- 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
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- 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
Page 385 and 386:
- 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
Page 387 and 388:
- 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
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and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
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- 377 - The commercial prototype is
Page 393 and 394:
- 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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