FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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Results and Discussion - 253 - Ultrasonic attenuation results are given in Fig. 4 as a function of temperature for frequencies ranging from 10 to 50 MHz. The attenuation exhibits a strong dependence on frequency but the variations with temperature are small (within experimental error) and somewhat random. The frequency dependence of the attenuation is illustrated in Fig. 5 using values averaged over the temperature range studied and corrected for diffraction losses by the method described in (15). The boundary that distinguishes Rayleigh scattering from stochastic scattering, X = 2it6, corresponds for the case of a grain size 6 = 25 ym to a value of f = 38.7 MHz. We see, on Fig. 5, the initial f 1 * dependence of a typical of Rayleigh scattering, gradually transforming into an f dependence in the X = 2IT6 region where stochastic scattering is expected. Thus, the frequency dependence of a is consistent with grain boundary scattering theory. In order to examine the temperature dependence of a in the perspective of the temperature related changes in plastic properties and fracture toughness, the values of 0£ were computed, as described in ref. 2, and compared with the empirical relation given in the introduction, equation (2). Fig. 6 is a plot of V£0£ values against Kic /cv. The data points lie more or less along a horizontal line indicating no net effect on ultrasonic attenuation of the almost 3 fold change in fracture toughness. It is well-known O0) that ultrasonic attenuation in steel at typical N.D.E. frequencies (1-50 MHz) is mainly due to scattering by grain boundaries and the present results appear to corroborate this fact. Although scattering in a multiphase material such as type 403 stainless steel is not easily calculated theoretically because of the complexity of the structure and insufficient knowledge of elastic constants, the results of Fig. 5 are consistent with measurements by Papadakis and others ( 10 ), which indicate that the main scattering features are the original austenitic grains, and that the effect of the intragranular structure is to modify the effective anisotropy of the grains. In general, the presence of multiple phases is to reduce the anisotropy compared to single phase materials. This explains the relatively low attenuation of the present sample. Based on the anisotropy, A, of pure iron (**•) where A = Cilit-(Cn-C12)/2 and the Cy 's are the usual elastic constants for a cubic system, any increase of =6% in attenuation with temperature is expected between -60°C and +40°C. This is within experimental error of the results of Fig. 4. The temperature dependence of yield stress (and therefore indirectly that of Kic) may be expected to correlate better with absorption, which can be related to dislocation density and mobility ( 17 \ rather than scattering which is associated with a constant grain size and varying anisotropy. An effort was therefore made to separate any absorption contribution to a by analyzing the data of Fig. 5 in the form of plots of ct/f versus f 2 as in reference (18). Such an analysis, however, did not give a clear separation of scattering and absorption, largely because of the lack of data lying clearly ^ ideated that the absorption contribution is
C<strong>ON</strong>CLUSI<strong>ON</strong> - 254 - In order to verify tô what degree ultrasonic attenuation can be used to nondestructively predict the fracture toughness of a material, the ultrasonic attenuation behavior of an AISI type 403 stainless steel exhibiting a smooth ductile to brittle transition was studied as a function of temperature. Over the temperature range studied (-60°C to +40°C) the yield strength and fracture toughness changed respectively by 7 and 250%. The ultrasonic attenuation, however, varied by less than the 6% expected from grain boundary scattering theory, giving no indication of the large change in Kic. An analysis of the results in terms of Vary's empirical model (equation 2) which appears to give good results for cases where Kic is varied by changes in microstructure (grain size, heat treatment) gave no correlation between attenuation and K ic / a y One of the main difficulties of nondestructively characterizing a material's fracture toughness is that a small variation in one of the material's properties, such as yield stress, can cause the fracture mechanism to change (ductile to brittle transition) leading to very large variations in Klc values. If that property is indirectly measured by a method such as ultrasonic attenuation which is mostly sensitive to other properties of the material, the chances of obtaining an accurate K\c value are reduced even more. Nondestructive evaluation of Kic can be achieved when the method directly measures the material properties controlling its fracture toughness, for example ultrasonic attenuation for samples where variations in the grain size changes their toughness (**). Similarily, a method allowing for the direct measurement of ultrasonic absorption may provide better correlation with K^c variations caused by differences in the plastic properties of a material for a given microstructure. Such a method is currently under development (19) at the Industrial Materials Research Institute and it is hoped that it will prove to be a powerful tool for the nondestructive characterization of materials. Acknowledgement Supply of sample material for this study by R.R. Hosbons of the Metallurgical Engineering Branch at Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories is gratefully recognized.
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
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- 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
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- 70 - each waveform digitization t
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- 72 - Further development of the s
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TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
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SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
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Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
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- 80 - an additional reverse magnet
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- 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
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BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
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- 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
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-150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
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- 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
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(b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
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Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
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- 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
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- 98 - characterization program bas
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- 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
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Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
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- 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
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- 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
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DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
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- 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
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FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
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FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
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- 116 - "Events on earth consist in
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- 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
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- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
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PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
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- 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
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i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
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TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
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- 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
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5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
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- 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
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- 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
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- 138 - Back end of system. The com
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- IAO - to be loaded properly into
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20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
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% -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
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- 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
Page 215 and 216: 5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
Page 217 and 218: " * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
Page 219 and 220: SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
Page 221 and 222: - 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
Page 223 and 224: - 210 - probe in its operating envi
Page 225 and 226: - 212 - The eddy current and wall t
Page 227 and 228: 6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
Page 229 and 230: +2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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Page 233 and 234: 0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
Page 235 and 236: - 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
Page 237 and 238: - 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
Page 239 and 240: Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
Page 241 and 242: - 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
Page 243 and 244: - 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
Page 245 and 246: - 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
Page 247 and 248: - 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
Page 249 and 250: 1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
Page 251 and 252: - 238 - treatment, and bending are
Page 253 and 254: - 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
Page 255 and 256: - 242 - against magnet position, tr
Page 257 and 258: 6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
Page 259 and 260: 10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
Page 261 and 262: A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
Page 263 and 264: - 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
Page 265: - 252 - Following a brief descripti
Page 269 and 270: - 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
Page 271 and 272: Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
Page 273 and 274: 100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
Page 275 and 276: - 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
Page 277 and 278: - 264 - Metal components with class
Page 279 and 280: - 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
Page 281 and 282: - 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
Page 283 and 284: 100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
Page 285 and 286: - 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
Page 287 and 288: 900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
Page 289 and 290: - 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
Page 291 and 292: - 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
Page 293 and 294: - 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
Page 295 and 296: - 282 - but not reseted, so the com
Page 297 and 298: - 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
Page 299 and 300: 0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
Page 301 and 302: - 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
Page 303 and 304: - 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
Page 305 and 306: - 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
Page 307 and 308: - 294 - The groundwork is in place.
Page 309 and 310: - 296 - The graduates of these prog
Page 311 and 312: - 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
Page 313 and 314: - 300 - (e) A differing but persist
Page 315 and 316: 250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
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LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
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- 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
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- 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
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- 309 - The system described in thi
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and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
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TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
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m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
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- 317 - deep penetration in same fo
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- 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
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density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
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(0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
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60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
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- 327 -
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- 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
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- 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
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- 333 - function is approximated by
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PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
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to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
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Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
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- 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
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- 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
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- 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
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pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
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- 349 - linear system of equations
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- 351 - These boundary conditions a
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10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
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3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
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INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
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- 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
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INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
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- 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
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—- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
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- 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
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- 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
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- 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
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- 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
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and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
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- 377 - The commercial prototype is
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- 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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