FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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- 310 - frequency of about 50 MHz is optimum for the detection of surface cracks as small as 20 um in silicon nitride. This frequency is equivalent to an acoustic wavelength of 112 um in silicon nitride. Beyond 50 MHz, the detectability tends to level off due to the increase of attenuation losses. Thus, the crack measurements in this investigation were carried out at 50 MHz. The leaky Rayleigh waves propogating along the water-solid interface, lose their energy rapidly and particularily at high frequencies. Thus, only those flaws which are located near the point of incidence of the impinging beam are detected. As a result, the resolution of this method is very good since reflections from neighbouring flaws or specimen edges do not overlap with the signal from the flaw of interest. The resolution is particularily good when a narrow Rayleigh beam is employed by focusing the incident beam on the surface of the test piece using a focused transducer. Overall, the scanning simplicity, the high resolution and high sensitivity of leaky Rayleigh waves make this technique a practical and reliable method of detecting small surface flaws in ceramic materials. 2.4 Measurement techniques The normal procedure for flaw size measurement by any ultrasonic technique utilizes the acoustic reflection coefficient, S, of the flaw for size estimation. S is defined as the ratio of the peak amplitudes of the flaw signal to input signal at the transducer terminal. In the case of cracks, however, the acoustic reflection is very much dependent on orientation of the crack with respect to the incident beam. This is demonstrated in the experimental results of Fig. 5 obtained for a 100 ym Knoop indentation. Analytical solutions are given by Auld^ ' for calculation of the reflection coefficient at oblique angles. Both the analytical and experimental results indicate that as the direction of the crack relative to the Rayleigh beam deviates from normal, a smaller portion of the crack face reflections are received by the transducer. Thus, for complete characterization of cracks from the reflection coefficient, it is necessary to scan the test material in more than one direction. Another important factor affecting the acoustic signal amplitude from a flaw is the wavelength compared to the flaw size. Since at 50 MHz the Rayleigh wavelength in silicon nitride is about 112 pm and this is in the flaw size range of our interest (i.e. 10-200 um), therefore both the long wavelength (X^>a) and the short wavelength (A^
and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S = a'.a for XR
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
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- 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
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- 70 - each waveform digitization t
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- 72 - Further development of the s
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TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
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SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
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Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
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- 80 - an additional reverse magnet
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- 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
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BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
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- 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
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-150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
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- 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
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(b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
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Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
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- 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
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- 98 - characterization program bas
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- 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
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Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
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- 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
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- 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
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DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
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- 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
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FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
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FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
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- 116 - "Events on earth consist in
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- 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
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- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
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PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
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- 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
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i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
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TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
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- 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
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5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
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- 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
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- 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
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- 138 - Back end of system. The com
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- IAO - to be loaded properly into
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20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
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% -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
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- 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
Page 273 and 274: 100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
Page 275 and 276: - 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
Page 277 and 278: - 264 - Metal components with class
Page 279 and 280: - 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
Page 281 and 282: - 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
Page 283 and 284: 100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
Page 285 and 286: - 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
Page 287 and 288: 900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
Page 289 and 290: - 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
Page 291 and 292: - 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
Page 293 and 294: - 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
Page 295 and 296: - 282 - but not reseted, so the com
Page 297 and 298: - 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
Page 299 and 300: 0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
Page 301 and 302: - 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
Page 303 and 304: - 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
Page 305 and 306: - 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
Page 307 and 308: - 294 - The groundwork is in place.
Page 309 and 310: - 296 - The graduates of these prog
Page 311 and 312: - 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
Page 313 and 314: - 300 - (e) A differing but persist
Page 315 and 316: 250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
Page 317 and 318: LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
Page 319 and 320: - 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
Page 321 and 322: - 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
Page 323: - 309 - The system described in thi
Page 327 and 328: TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
Page 329 and 330: m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
Page 331 and 332: - 317 - deep penetration in same fo
Page 333 and 334: - 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
Page 335 and 336: density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
Page 337 and 338: (0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
Page 339 and 340: 60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
Page 341 and 342: - 327 -
Page 343 and 344: - 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
Page 345 and 346: - 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
Page 347 and 348: - 333 - function is approximated by
Page 349 and 350: PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
Page 351 and 352: to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
Page 353 and 354: Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
Page 355 and 356: - 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
Page 357 and 358: - 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
Page 359 and 360: - 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
Page 361 and 362: pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
Page 363 and 364: - 349 - linear system of equations
Page 365 and 366: - 351 - These boundary conditions a
Page 367 and 368: 10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
Page 369 and 370: 3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
Page 371 and 372: INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
Page 373 and 374: - 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
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INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
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- 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
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—- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
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- 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
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- 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
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- 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
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- 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
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and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
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- 377 - The commercial prototype is
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- 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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