FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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- 330 - 60 MHz Fig. 9: Output of Two Transducers Made with Hot-Pressed PZT 4 Elements: 1. Highly Damped 2. Lightly Damped 3. Frequency Spectrum of 2
- 331 - ULTRAS<strong>ON</strong>IC ANALYSIS OF VOIDS IN GLASS; THEORY AND PRACTICE Aitkux J. Stockman, Jan van den Ande.1 and Patrick S. Hlcholion McMaiie-t linivdtisitij Hamilton, Ontaiio, Canada ABSTRACT The characterization of voids in glass enables the study of reflected ultrasonic signals off . known but undisturbed defects which can also be characterized by optical means. The reflected ultrasonic signals can be compared with theoretical signals transformed to a frequency spectrum by a computer and a frequency spectrum can be transformed to a time signal (A-scanl. Flaw information can now be read from such signals, and such will eventually help to characterize flaws in opaque ceramics. I INTRODUCTI<strong>ON</strong> The characterization of defects in high performance ceramics is important when the components are to be used in situations of high stress. Size, shape and composition of the target defects will determine whether or not the ceramic will fail. Interest in ultrasonic testing to determine these factors has led to many advances in the field of defect characterization by scattered signal analysis.' 1 ' On the link between theory and practice, it was found by the authors that a beam entry of exactly 90° with the entrance surface of the component was important.' 2 ' The essence ofthat article was that the frequency components of the ultrasonic beam pass the interface undistorted if a perfect 90° angle-is maintained. A slight misalignment will cause enough distortion to make the frequency spectrum of the reflected beam lop-sided and random misalignments from sample to sample means that the analysis will no longer yield accurate results. The importance of proper alignment is brought out even more in a study of reflections of previouslyfound defects. 13 ' Each defect responds differently to a frequency component so their reflected signals contain information about their type and shape. The change in frequency component amplitude can also be calculated, measured and the resulting spectrum compared to the perfectly aligned spectrum, i.e. the only distortion is caused by the defect rather than by off-normal set-up conditions The technique was applied to ceramics at frequencies above 10 MHz in order to test for flaws < 100 urn. A precision immersion scanner with a resolution of 20 urn was built especially for locating these small defects. Beams were focussed to obtain higher power densities and even though these beams do not provide a true plane wave, the wave theory as reported by Ying and Truell' 4 ' was applied along with the "high frequency decomposition" part, reported by Tittman et al.' 5 '
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
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- 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
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- 70 - each waveform digitization t
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- 72 - Further development of the s
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TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
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SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
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Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
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- 80 - an additional reverse magnet
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- 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
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BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
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- 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
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-150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
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- 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
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(b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
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Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
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- 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
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- 98 - characterization program bas
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- 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
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Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
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- 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
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- 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
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DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
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- 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
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FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
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FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
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- 116 - "Events on earth consist in
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- 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
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- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
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PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
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- 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
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i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
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TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
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- 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
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5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
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- 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
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- 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
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- 138 - Back end of system. The com
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- IAO - to be loaded properly into
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20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
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% -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
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- 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
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100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
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- 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
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- 264 - Metal components with class
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- 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
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- 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
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100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
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- 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
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900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
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- 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
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- 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
Page 293 and 294: - 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
Page 295 and 296: - 282 - but not reseted, so the com
Page 297 and 298: - 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
Page 299 and 300: 0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
Page 301 and 302: - 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
Page 303 and 304: - 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
Page 305 and 306: - 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
Page 307 and 308: - 294 - The groundwork is in place.
Page 309 and 310: - 296 - The graduates of these prog
Page 311 and 312: - 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
Page 313 and 314: - 300 - (e) A differing but persist
Page 315 and 316: 250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
Page 317 and 318: LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
Page 319 and 320: - 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
Page 321 and 322: - 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
Page 323 and 324: - 309 - The system described in thi
Page 325 and 326: and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
Page 327 and 328: TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
Page 329 and 330: m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
Page 331 and 332: - 317 - deep penetration in same fo
Page 333 and 334: - 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
Page 335 and 336: density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
Page 337 and 338: (0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
Page 339 and 340: 60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
Page 341 and 342: - 327 -
Page 343: - 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
Page 347 and 348: - 333 - function is approximated by
Page 349 and 350: PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
Page 351 and 352: to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
Page 353 and 354: Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
Page 355 and 356: - 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
Page 357 and 358: - 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
Page 359 and 360: - 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
Page 361 and 362: pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
Page 363 and 364: - 349 - linear system of equations
Page 365 and 366: - 351 - These boundary conditions a
Page 367 and 368: 10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
Page 369 and 370: 3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
Page 371 and 372: INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
Page 373 and 374: - 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
Page 375 and 376: INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
Page 377 and 378: - 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
Page 379 and 380: —- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
Page 381 and 382: - 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
Page 383 and 384: - 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
Page 385 and 386: - 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
Page 387 and 388: - 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
Page 389 and 390: and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
Page 391 and 392: - 377 - The commercial prototype is
Page 393 and 394: - 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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