FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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- 398 - NDE IN POLYMERS, AN EXAMPLE: ULTRASONICS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DENSITY IN POLYETHYLENE L. Vichu and A. Hame.1 NatZonai. Re.i zafich* Co an.c-lt o & Canada Bouche.ivA.Zle., Quebec Abstract An ultrasonic immersion method is presented for the rapid and accurate measurement of longitudinal sound velocity (v) in polyethylene (PE). The method is based on the sole measurement of time delays and can be automated. The samples are the same press molded plaques that are prepared for the standard density (p) determination using a density gradient column. Our measurements on a representative group of various types of PE with densities in the range .92 to .96 g/cm show without ambiguity that velocity is proportional to density. The degree of correlation is such that we come to suggest that the acoustic method be used for the characterization of density. We show that the accuracy is good and compares with that of the density gradient column and then we conclude on the practical advantages of the ultrasonic method.
I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethylene, be it low density (LDPE) or high density (HDPE) is one of the most important, if not the most important product of the plastics industry. As it is the case for all industrial materials, it is of primary importance for the manufacturer and the processor to- have means of characterizing the material. From a somewhat simplistic point of view, polyethylene can be considered as a binary mixture of an amorphous and a crystal phase and the degree of crystallinity will affect the elastic properties (elastic modulus, impact strength and melting point). On the other hand, it is known (1) that density is directly related to the degree of crystallinity: so that in the relationship between the basic parameters of PE and its end properties, the value of density is an important link. This explains why the value of density has always been the major criterion for the characterization of polyethylene. The most commonly used and accepted method for the determination of density is that of the "Density Gradient Column" defined by ASTM D1505 standard (2). The sample is placed in a column of liquid which exhibits a known density gradient and after it has sunk to its equilibrium, the density is obtained from the reading of its position in the column. As such, the procedure appears to be simple but it is in fact quite involved. First, the column must be prepared from a mixture of different solutions of known densities. This is time consuming, requires much care at all stages and is much an art. The column which is placed in a constant temperature environment is then calibrated, using standard glass floats (the calibration has to be verified periodically). To perform the measurement, the samples are cut to size, cleaned, wetted down and gently introduced in the column where they settle in roughly 20 minutes. When, after a number of measurements, the number of samples in the column is too important, these are retrieved carefully with a basket, without upsetting the gradient. Here we propose a method and technique based on the propagation of ultrasound which allows for an accurate and reliable determination of density. The technique is simple and can be used in an uncontrolled environment; the measurement is quick and can be made automatic. II - EXPERIMENTAL METHOD For a number of polymers, the ultrasonic data are available from the literature (3); sparse results are found for the sound velocity and density (4,5). The special case of polyethylene has, however, been given closer attention (6,7,8,9) and the various results tend to show that there exists a correlation between sound velocity (v) and density (p). The most complete and conclusive study is that of Davidse et al (7). They have measured, using a resonance method, the propagation velocity of low frequency oscillations (5 to 10 kHz) in bars of PE and their results on a
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
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- 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
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- 70 - each waveform digitization t
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- 72 - Further development of the s
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TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
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SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
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Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
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- 80 - an additional reverse magnet
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- 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
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BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
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- 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
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-150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
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- 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
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(b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
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Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
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- 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
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- 98 - characterization program bas
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- 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
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Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
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- 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
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- 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
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DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
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- 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
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FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
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FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
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- 116 - "Events on earth consist in
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- 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
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- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
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PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
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- 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
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i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
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TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
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- 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
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5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
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- 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
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- 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
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- 138 - Back end of system. The com
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- IAO - to be loaded properly into
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20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
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% -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
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- 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
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100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
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- 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
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- 264 - Metal components with class
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- 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
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- 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
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100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
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- 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
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900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
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- 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
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- 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
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- 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
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- 282 - but not reseted, so the com
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- 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
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0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
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- 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
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- 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
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- 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
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- 294 - The groundwork is in place.
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- 296 - The graduates of these prog
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- 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
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- 300 - (e) A differing but persist
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250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
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LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
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- 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
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- 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
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- 309 - The system described in thi
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and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
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TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
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m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
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- 317 - deep penetration in same fo
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- 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
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density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
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(0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
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60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
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- 327 -
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- 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
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- 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
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- 333 - function is approximated by
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PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
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to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
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Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
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- 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
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- 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
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- 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
Page 361 and 362: pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
Page 363 and 364: - 349 - linear system of equations
Page 365 and 366: - 351 - These boundary conditions a
Page 367 and 368: 10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
Page 369 and 370: 3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
Page 371 and 372: INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
Page 373 and 374: - 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
Page 375 and 376: INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
Page 377 and 378: - 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
Page 379 and 380: —- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
Page 381 and 382: - 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
Page 383 and 384: - 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
Page 385 and 386: - 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
Page 387 and 388: - 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
Page 389 and 390: and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
Page 391 and 392: - 377 - The commercial prototype is
Page 393 and 394: - 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
Page 395 and 396: - 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
Page 397 and 398: - 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
Page 399 and 400: - 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
Page 401 and 402: - 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
Page 403 and 404: peaks which are easily measurable.
Page 405 and 406: - 391 - directions around the circu
Page 407 and 408: I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
Page 409 and 410: Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
Page 411: - 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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Page 419 and 420: Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
Page 421 and 422: ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
Page 423 and 424: - 409 - The present study was carri
Page 425 and 426: - 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
Page 427 and 428: - 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
Page 429 and 430: - 415 - normally measured with a sh
Page 431 and 432: (a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
Page 433 and 434: Figure A : Orientation of the casti
Page 435 and 436: - 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
Page 437 and 438: ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
Page 439 and 440: - 425 - This paper will concentrate
Page 441 and 442: - 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
Page 443 and 444: - 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
Page 445 and 446: - 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
Page 447 and 448: - 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
Page 449 and 450: - 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
Page 451 and 452: 10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
Page 453 and 454: • •' '
Page 455 and 456: HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
Page 457 and 458: - 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
Page 459 and 460: - 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
Page 461 and 462: - 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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