FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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- 320 - The alignment of the mechanical dipoles involves structural changes and this causes internal stress; this will change the sound velocity in the polarization direction. The velocity change is directly proportional to the extent of mechanical dipole alignment during polarization. For hot pressed, PZT 4 the change was ~9%, for PZT 5 «'10%, for PZT 7 "7% and for SPN ~8%. Their sintered counterparts showed a few percent less sound velocity. The initial temperaturedependent depolarization occurs via the mechanical dipoles as stresses are relieved. For the PZT compositions and the SPN, the mechanical dipoles alone switch back up to 250°C and 325°C respectively. As temperatures are increased beyond 250 C for PZT canpositions and 325°C for SPN, the normal dipoles also switch back. The time and frequency spectra of hot pressed elements and transducers constructed fran them are shown in Figures 8 and 9. SPN, with a high sound velocity, low dielectric constant and low O is potentially useful for the construction of high frequency transducers. Also the acoustic impedance for SPN (31.3 x 10 _ g/an sec) is low compared with that of the PZT canpositions ( ~39 x 10 g/an sec). This property facilitates matching with transducer backing materials. Hot pressed PZT 5 and SPN can be sufficiently transparent for consideration in opto-ultrasonic applications. V C<strong>ON</strong>CIDSI<strong>ON</strong>S As a result of the reported investigation, the following conclusions can be made; (1) hot pressed piezoelectric ceramics ( /v 100% dense) can be used to construct high frequency transducers in the range 50-100 MHz. (2) the piezoelectric properties of the hot pressed materials are considerably better than their sintered counterparts. (3) the high values of sound velocity along the polarisation direction (i.e., the high frequency constant) for hot pressed material allows an extra layer of grain thickness for the same frequency as compared to similar sintered materials. (4) the grain size of the final ceramic can be controlled by hot pressing techniques. (5) the ccmpressional wave velocity measurements in the polarisation direction facilitate an understanding of the behaviour of dipole switching during polarisation and depolarisation. REFERENCES (1) R.W. Rice and P.C. Pohanka, J. An. Ceram. Soc., 56 (8) 420-23 (1973). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SPN calcined powder was supplied by BM Hi Tech (Collingwood, Ontario).
density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation factor % relative dielectric kp % k 31 % d31 pC/N g31 10- 3 Vm/N Vp m/s Vu m/s om required thickness In Vim for 100 MHz TABLE 1: Physical Properties of Four Piezo-Electric Ceramics sintered 7-05 0-4 1100 54 32 .115 -11-8 4420 4100 4SO 22 PZT 4 hot pressed 7*09 0-3 1250 02 37 .138 -12-3 4820 4420 490 24 sintered 7-73 1-8 15SO «3 38 -170 -12-4 4510 4180 70 23 PZT 5 hot pressed 8-01 1-8 2100 72 43 • 230 -12-4 4850 4420 80 24 sintered 7-45. 1-5 400 32 19 -30 -8*5 4820 4400 1025 23 PZT 7 hot pressed 7 »97 0.6 450 38 23 -40 -10-0 4940 4640 1180 25 sintered 4-20 2.2 260 37 22 -31 -12.5 6520 8170 140 28 SPN hot pressed 4>49 1-e 380 45.. 27 -46 -13-1 6980 6430 210 35
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
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- 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
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- 70 - each waveform digitization t
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- 72 - Further development of the s
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TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
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SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
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Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
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- 80 - an additional reverse magnet
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- 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
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BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
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- 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
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-150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
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- 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
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(b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
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Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
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- 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
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- 98 - characterization program bas
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- 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
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Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
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- 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
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- 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
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DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
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- 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
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FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
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FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
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- 116 - "Events on earth consist in
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- 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
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- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feiblema
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PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
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- 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
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i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
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TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
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- 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
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5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
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- 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
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- 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
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- 138 - Back end of system. The com
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- IAO - to be loaded properly into
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20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
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% -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
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- 146 - By design, these A/E monito
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- 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
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- 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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- 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
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- 154 - for light weight and resist
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- 156 - available. Application exam
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- 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
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CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
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- 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
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INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
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- 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
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100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
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- 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
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- 264 - Metal components with class
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- 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
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- 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
Page 283 and 284: 100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
Page 285 and 286: - 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
Page 287 and 288: 900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
Page 289 and 290: - 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
Page 291 and 292: - 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
Page 293 and 294: - 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
Page 295 and 296: - 282 - but not reseted, so the com
Page 297 and 298: - 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
Page 299 and 300: 0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
Page 301 and 302: - 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
Page 303 and 304: - 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
Page 305 and 306: - 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
Page 307 and 308: - 294 - The groundwork is in place.
Page 309 and 310: - 296 - The graduates of these prog
Page 311 and 312: - 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
Page 313 and 314: - 300 - (e) A differing but persist
Page 315 and 316: 250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
Page 317 and 318: LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
Page 319 and 320: - 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
Page 321 and 322: - 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
Page 323 and 324: - 309 - The system described in thi
Page 325 and 326: and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
Page 327 and 328: TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
Page 329 and 330: m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
Page 331 and 332: - 317 - deep penetration in same fo
Page 333: - 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
Page 337 and 338: (0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
Page 339 and 340: 60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
Page 341 and 342: - 327 -
Page 343 and 344: - 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
Page 345 and 346: - 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
Page 347 and 348: - 333 - function is approximated by
Page 349 and 350: PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
Page 351 and 352: to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
Page 353 and 354: Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
Page 355 and 356: - 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
Page 357 and 358: - 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
Page 359 and 360: - 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
Page 361 and 362: pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
Page 363 and 364: - 349 - linear system of equations
Page 365 and 366: - 351 - These boundary conditions a
Page 367 and 368: 10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
Page 369 and 370: 3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
Page 371 and 372: INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
Page 373 and 374: - 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
Page 375 and 376: INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
Page 377 and 378: - 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
Page 379 and 380: —- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
Page 381 and 382: - 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
Page 383 and 384: - 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
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- 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
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- 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
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and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
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- 377 - The commercial prototype is
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- 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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