FIFTH CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE ... - IAEA

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Results - 119 - Figure *l shows the signals diffracted from opposite edges of a circular seatterer. Constructive interference of the sound wavelets can be seen lying between the two signals. Figures 5-10 show the frequency spectrum of sound waves diffracted from the 7 mm brass rod at different orientations. Plotting fn vs n, the slope yields if as illustrated in Figs. 11 and 12. A frequency analysis plot and a time analysis plot yielding d and y are shown in Figs. 13 and It. The actual diameters of the brass rod were measured with a pair of vernier calipers to ± .02 mm. The values are compared in Table 1. The axes of the brass rods were vertical (i.e., y = 0) in all cases because no mechanical system providing accurate control of y was available at the time of experimentation, but there was no loss of generality in the method presented here as experimentally, the transducer sees only the relative orientation of the circular rod with respect to itself. Figure 15 compares the diameters deduced from frequency analysis and time analysis with those measured from the vernier calipers. Figure 16 compares y deduced from frequency analysis and time analysis with the known y. The average of the error is ~1°. Table 2 illustrates that Ataf~l. The 5.02 mm diam brass rod was taken as an example. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS The time-of-flight method and ultrasonic frequency analysis have been used to measure the diameters and orientation of circular rods. Commercially available equipment has been used. In the present experiment, both methods yield the same information. However it is possible that in other cases, the two methods can yield information which complement each other. It should be noted that time measurement can be deduced from the rectified rf signal (Fig. 17). When the signal is rectified, a lot of information is lost. For unrectified rf signals frequency analysis can be used to find the bulk and surface properties of the flaws. Time and frequency are mutually complementary variables. The two parameters can reinforce and supplement each other in terms of information each one produces. The properties of a physical system can be described in terms of pairs of mutually complementary variables or properties. Other examples of complementary aspects are the position and linear momentum of a particle, the angular orientation of a system and its angular momentum, and so on. The time-of-flight method and ultrasonic frequency analysis have become important research tools in characterizing flaws for the last ten years. The merger of the two methods will become a powerful tool for nondestructive testing in the next twenty years. And hopefully, Canada will play an important role in their marriage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author thanks Mr. M. Hafer for help with plotting the graphs.
- 120 - REFERENCES 1. J.K. Feibleman, Understanding Oriental Philosophy, p. 86 (Mentor; New York 1976). 2. M.G. Silk, Research techniques in nondestructive testing; Vol. 3; ed. R.S. Sharpe; p. 51 (Academic Press; London 1977). 3. K. Date, H. Shiraada, and N. Ikenaga, NDT International V15, p. 315 (1982). 4. D.K. Mak, Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratories Report ERP/PMRL 8*1-1(J), CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (1984). 5. D.K. Mak, Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratories Report ERP/PMRL 84-3(J), CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (1984). 6. D.K. Mak, Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratories Report ERP/PMRL 84-2KINT), CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (1984). 7. M. Macecek, K. Luscott, J. Wells and D.K. Mak, presented at the Fifth Canadian Conference on Nondestructive Testing, (1984). 8. D.W. Fitting and L. Adler, ultrasonic spectral analysis for nondestructive evaluation; (Plenum Press; New York 1981). 9. J.B. Keller, J. Appl. Physics Vol. 28, p. 426 (1957). 10. L. Adler and H.L. Whaley, J. of Acoustical Society of America; V. 51, p. 881 (1972).
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q 11 Atomic Energy of Canada Limite
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ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED FIF
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CINQUIEME CONFERENCE CANADIENNE SUR
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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special note
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DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
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DAY1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Five Years Ex
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MB Power has a total generating cap
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The fourth lesson learned was that
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STATION UNIT Coleson Cove Coleson C
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0*'? - 8 - Ä | '••• '~-!.if~
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- 10 - 7/8 inch Titanium Tube 3D i
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The facility at CFB Greenwood was c
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CONDITION MONITORING - 14 - The Con
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- 16 - REDUCING UNWANTED EFFECTS ~
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- 18 - When this happens, the instr
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- 20 - (CJUIMTTCJW ROTOR BLADE SHOW
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- 22 - Un»hl«ld«d prob* - good b
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STEEL FASTENERS EXAMINATION OF FAST
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- 26 - SKIP FINNED TUHt •< IG 5 I
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To gain primary statistical informa
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- 30 - The next step in the develop
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Each firing of the capacitor banks
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- 34 - At the Bruce we have complet
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1 GARTER SPRING IN VERTICAL POSITIO
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DIGITAL READ OUT 3.595 TOIL ELEMENT
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- 40 - EVALUATION OF ULTRASONIC MET
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III MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS - 42 -
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C Real defects - 44 - Here we repor
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Flaw Figure 1: Schematic of experim
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0.5 E10 Q. 8 1.5 2.0 - 48 - Positio
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- 50 - Figure 6: Optical micrograph
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- 52 - specialized applications suc
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- 54 - As the probed surface is not
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- 56 - in practice the central frin
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- 53 - bipolar pulse, as it is seen
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- 60 - 18. J.-P. Monchalln and R. H
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Sample Lens Ultrasound - 62 - Detec
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CD CO c O Q. W 0 - 64 - Sin(7TfuT)
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- 66 - AUTOMATED ULTRASONIC TESTING
Page 79 and 80: - 68 - 2.1 Scanning Bridge and Imme
Page 81 and 82: - 70 - each waveform digitization t
Page 83 and 84: - 72 - Further development of the s
Page 85 and 86: TRANSDUCER SELECT/ PULSE CONTROL -
Page 87 and 88: SCAIIIIING BRIDGE COLOUR GRAPHICS D
Page 89 and 90: Figure J — Beam profile of 3.5 MH
Page 91 and 92: - 80 - an additional reverse magnet
Page 93 and 94: - 82 - reinitialise the stress depe
Page 95 and 96: BAR MAGNET IDEAL FIELDS MEASURED FI
Page 97 and 98: - 86 - Figure 4: Hysteresis loops f
Page 99 and 100: -150 H= 1.6 kA/m COMPRESSION -100 -
Page 101 and 102: - 90 - MAGNETISATION ANHYSTERETÎC
Page 103 and 104: (b) 19 mm diameter o Hard spot 19mm
Page 105 and 106: Q. I CO zL 2 (Ky) TYPICAL UNCERTAIN
Page 107 and 108: - 96 - Figure 14: Conceptual M-H be
Page 109 and 110: - 98 - characterization program bas
Page 111 and 112: - 100 - 1. Planar transducer: l.a.
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 1 1/JS - 102 - Echos observed
Page 115 and 116: - 104 - CAPABILITIES/LIMITATIONS OF
Page 117 and 118: - 106 - V = f* - 0.9 ak N [2] h. /^
Page 119 and 120: DISCUSSION - 108 - The results of t
Page 121 and 122: - 110 - FIGURE 1: Equipment Used fo
Page 123 and 124: FIGURE 4: - 112 - 5 10 IS 10 Depth
Page 125 and 126: FIGURE 6: Output of Computer Modell
Page 127 and 128: - 116 - "Events on earth consist in
Page 129: - 118 - now _n = Af (5) n where Af
Page 133 and 134: PULSER IMMERSION TRANSDUCER WATER ^
Page 135 and 136: - 124 - 6. Ultrasonic frequency spe
Page 137 and 138: i I 1 i l - 126 - —j 10. Ultrason
Page 139 and 140: TIME RNFOSIS PLOT CRSF: - 128 - 1H.
Page 141 and 142: - 130 - THE INTRODUCTION OF REAL-TI
Page 143 and 144: 5. QUALIFYING THE IMAGE - 132 - In
Page 145 and 146: - 134 - CONVENTIONAL FILM RADIOGRAP
Page 147 and 148: - 136 - 11.3 Computer Management of
Page 149 and 150: - 138 - Back end of system. The com
Page 151 and 152: - IAO - to be loaded properly into
Page 153 and 154: 20. OPERATIONAL UTILIZATION - 142 -
Page 155 and 156: % -•'v/ FILM AND SCREENS ' \ INSI
Page 157 and 158: - 146 - By design, these A/E monito
Page 159 and 160: - 148 - a) enables an A/E monitor s
Page 161 and 162: - 150 - OTHER . CHANNELS CONVENTION
Page 163 and 164: DAY 2 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Advanced Rad
Page 165 and 166: - 152 - ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY FOR TR
Page 167 and 168: - 154 - for light weight and resist
Page 169 and 170: - 156 - available. Application exam
Page 171 and 172: - 158 - 28. V.J. Orphan, Science Ap
Page 173 and 174: CROSS SLIDE - 160 - AXIAL DRIVE : 3
Page 175 and 176: - 162 - Fig. 4. Two neutron radiogr
Page 177 and 178: INTRODUCTION (Continued) - 164 - Pr
Page 179 and 180: - 166 - SENSITOMETRIC QUALITY CONTR
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- 168 - MAKING THE TRANSITION TO AU
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(Continued) - 170 - The primary mec
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UJNXKAST o Indicated: o Calculated:
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- 174 - F»LM_i5=l£B_ DATE22=22=ß
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- 176 - RECENT MICROFUCUS X~RAY IMA
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ABSTRACT - 178 - WET CHANNEL INSPEC
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- 180 - 5) an eddy current probe to
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- 182 - tube, say 0.5-1.0 metre, so
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 184 - Many peopl
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- 186 - TABLE 3 Operational Objecti
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Pressure Tube Fuel -Carter Spring S
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«AC UUSU«O«HII INCUMKTM - 190 -
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Inlet or Outlet £nd Outlet 2m - 19
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- 194 - AN ADVANCED HEAT EXCHANGER
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- 196 - storage terminal. However,
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2.4 Data Processing Subsystem 2.4.1
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- 200 - display parameter set could
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5. PLAYBACK - 202 - A tape playback
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" * 0 0 MOkE* i SUN! SOW A 1 3* ~V
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SLHHT POU 422/14 - 206 - x •* F-R
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- 208 - The recent failure of a Zir
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- 210 - probe in its operating envi
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- 212 - The eddy current and wall t
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6. SUMMARY - 214 - The failure of a
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+2.5%p Lift Off •* - 216 - +5% Wa
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0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 c .1 2 o
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0 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 i 1
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- 222 - CHECKING FOR CRACKS IN GAS
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- 224 - on the fringes. (The sensit
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Figure 1 18 MW gas turbine rotor, p
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- 228 - Figure 3 Weak penetrant ind
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- 230 - Figure 7 All signals superi
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- 232 - Figure 11 Frequency respons
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- 234 - row 3 sent to 0 4 n 1Vor?d.
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1. INTRODUCTION - 236 - In-service
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- 238 - treatment, and bending are
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- 240 - With an AC coil surrounding
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- 242 - against magnet position, tr
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6. SUMMARY - 244 - Conventional edd
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10 1 Centre Magnet 2 Keepers 3 End
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A - II' Concentric Groove 0.1 mm de
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- 250 ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ULTRA
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- 252 - Following a brief descripti
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CONCLUSION - 254 - In order to veri
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- 256 - 13. R.L. Smith, F.L. Rusbri
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Ultrasonic Instrumentation - 258 -
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100 a (m" 1 ) 10 f Slope = 4 10 - 2
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- 262 - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING O
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- 264 - Metal components with class
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- 266 - Any recognizable fibre dama
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- 268 - FIGURE 1 EXPULSION OF FIBRE
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100 95 LU LU 5 S 90 ^"-85 K H H 80
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- 272 - FIGURE 6 SENSORS AND PREAMP
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900 800 700 i/> 600 H Z O 500 U 400
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- 276 - ACOUSTIC SORTING OF GRINDER
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- 278 - 6e P = Po c - St or p = p0
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- 280 - (9) for hardened steel. All
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- 282 - but not reseted, so the com
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- 284 - GOOD CRACKED 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
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0 - 286 - Figure 5: Resonance frequ
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- 288 - GOOD 0 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 Level
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- 290 - THE BENEFITS OF NDT TRAININ
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- 292 - C.S.N.D.T. Chapters continu
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- 294 - The groundwork is in place.
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- 296 - The graduates of these prog
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- 298 - CERTIFICATION OF NONDESTRUC
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- 300 - (e) A differing but persist
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250 200 150 100 50 Magnetic Particl
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LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE R.S. Sh.an.
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- 305 - Another 'near future 1 need
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- 307 - NDE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
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- 309 - The system described in thi
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and - 311 - S = a 2j for XR>a (2) S
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TRANSCEIVER digital signal display
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m "O -30 z o Ul -40 u. Ul ce o o Ü
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- 317 - deep penetration in same fo
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- 319 - the density by »w3 to 7%.
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density 10 3 kg/m 3 dissipation fac
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(0 60 g40 «MM "5. 3 O ü Cö §20
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60 PZT7 Vp " - 325 - o A —polariz
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- 327 -
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- 329 - Fig. 8: Typical Outputs of
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- 331 - ULTRASONIC ANALYSIS OF VOID
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- 333 - function is approximated by
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PULSER/RECEIVER OSCILLOSCOPE SPECTR
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to •a I a. a Ê £ < IS i-o 00 -
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Figure 5: Frequency spectra from: (
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- 341 - 100 150 Void Diameter (jjm)
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- 343 - TIME (ns) Figure 9: Peak ti
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- 345 - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ULTR
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pu = T XX + T Xy tt x y pV = T Xy +
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- 349 - linear system of equations
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- 351 - These boundary conditions a
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10. EXAMPLE - 353 - The following e
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3 "/A ! - 355 - 1 I 2 I Figs. 1-4.
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INTRODUCTION - 357 - The inspection
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- 359 - A 3 by k array was construc
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INVERSION PROBLEM - 361 - The inver
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- 363 - the right of coils 1 to 6,
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—- ••;•••• 'IM i lüi
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- 3hl 2 3 4 OISTANCE (mm) Figure h.
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- 369 - a) 0.080 X 0.010 X 0.004" 5
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- 371 - DISTANCE ;,n(m) Figure 9b
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- 373 - INTRODUCTION X-ray diffract
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and - 375 - e a -^(a + a ) + —-
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- 377 - The commercial prototype is
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- 379 - REFERENCES 1) Klug, H.P. an
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- 381 - incident x-ray beam diffrac
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- 383 - Fig. 5(a). 200 W X-ray tube
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- 385 - Fig. 7. Head of the commerc
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- 387 - APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON DIF
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peaks which are easily measurable.
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- 391 - directions around the circu
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I.-3 TRIPLE-AXIS NEUTRON SPECTROMET
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Ad hki£ d hkil xlO 3 - 395 - INTER
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- 397 - Fig. 5 Longitudinal, tangen
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I - INTRODUCTION - 399 - Polyethyle
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- 401 - This together with the expr
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- 403 - (5v/v)fit must be considere
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Transducer Signal - 405 - P.E.(p.v)
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ü .CO ü m O o CÖ g •4—> Q 2.
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- 409 - The present study was carri
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- 411 - Since tomographlc Images ar
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- 413 - bore axis, were scanned. Th
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- 415 - normally measured with a sh
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(a) L (b) ic) 1 - 417 - •HwK- |3A
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Figure A : Orientation of the casti
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- 421 - APPENDIX A Determination of
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ÜJ I/) 1 ce TO PE/ a. 100 90 - 80
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- 425 - This paper will concentrate
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- 427 - Ultrasonic and radiographie
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- 429 - A micrograph of the laminat
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- 431 - 2. Holography requires disp
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- 433 - 10. Green, D.R., Schneller,
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- 4 35 - Fig. 2 (a): cross-section
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10 _ 0.1 1_ 0.01 0.1 1 - 437 - TIME
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• •' '
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HEATING PULSES DETECTOR " -—FILTE
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- 443 - 5 10 POSITION (mm) Fig. 10
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- 445 - MATERIALS EFFECTS ON ACOUST
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- 447 - orientation of these specim
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- 449 - determined experimentally f
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STRUCTURE •^ TRANSDUCER (S) - 451
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- 453 - 500 PRESSURE (KPO) LEAK DIA
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Caron, V. Energy Mines & Resources
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Mclntyre, Dent Babcock & Wilcox Can
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ISSN 0067-0367 To identify individu
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