Electrical Power Systems

x Electrical Power Systems
4.4 Power Angle Characteristics 84
4.5 Salient Pole Synchronous Generators 86
4.6 Transients of Synchronous Machine 89
4.7 Simplified Representation of Synchronous Machine for Transient Analysis 90
4.8 DC Components of Stator Currents 92
4.9 Effect of Load Current 93
5. Power System Components and Per Unit System 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Single Phase Representation of a Balanced Three Phase System 96
5.3 The Per-Unit (pu) System 99
5.4 Per-Unit Representation of Transformer 101
5.5 Methods of Voltage Control 115
6. Characteristics and Performance of Transmission Lines 124
6.1 Introduction 124
6.2 Short Transmission Line 124
6.3 Voltage Regulation 125
6.4 Medium Transmission Line 126
6.5 Long Transmission Line 127
6.6 Voltage Waves 141
6.7 Surge Impedance 142
6.8 Power low Through Transmission Line 143
6.9. erranti Effect 145
7. Load low Analysis 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Bus Classification 147
7.3 Bus Admittance Matrix 148
7.4 Bus Loading Equations 151
7.5 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method 153
7.6 Calculation of Net Injected Power 154
7.7 Consideration of P-|V| Buses 155
7.8 Convergence Procedure 156
7.9 Computation of Line lows and Line Losses 156
7.10 Algorithm for Gauss-Seidel Method 158
7.11 Newton-Raphson Method 169
7.12 Load low Using Newton-Raphson Method 171
7.13 Decoupled Load low Solution 172
7.14 Decoupled Load low Algorithm 173
7.15 ast Decoupled Load low 182
7.16 Tap Changing Transformers 183
8. Symmetrical ault 186
8.1 Introduction 186
8.2 Rated MVA Interrupting Capacity of a Circuit Breaker 190
8.3 Current Limiting Reactors 196
8.4 Short Circuit Analysis for Large Systems 211
8.5 ormulation of Z BUS Matrix 216
8.6 Algorithm for Building Z BUS Matrix 217