A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature - enenuru

Grammatical Précis 179
7.7.3 Vocative Particles
y- /yaœ/
l /luœ/
hn
hl
my
7.7.4 Proclitics and Adverbs
Directive -h. The ending -h /-ah?/ denotes motion toward
something (cp. Hebrew hÎ-, Akkadian -isû); e.g., arsh /}arsah/, “to the
ground”; {lmh /{aœlamah/, “to eternity, forever.”
Final -m (Enclitic mem). There is no mimation in Ugaritic like
Old Babylonian Akkadian; however, -m is used adverbially; e.g., g,
“voice,” but gm, “aloud.” The -m can also be used in the first word
in bound state; e.g., bm.bkyh, “in his weeping.” Remnants of this
adverbial -m, or, as it is often called, “the enclitic mem,” are
reflected in old Hebrew poetry (cp. Ps. 18:16 MˆyAm yéqyIpSa; 2Sam.
22:16 MÎy yéqIpSa). 22
The ending -m denotes a number of adverbial nuances and may
reflect several distinct endings (frozen accusative /-am/?; locative /um/?;
e.g., sûpsûm /sûapsûam/, “at sunrise”; gm /gam/, “aloud” (cf. g
/guœ/, “voice”); bkm /bikaœm?/, “weeping.” Orthographically, these
endings fall together with the enclitic particle(s ?) -m /-mi, -ma?/.
7.7.5 Conjunctions
w /wa/, “and.”
u /uœ < *}aw/, “or.”
p /pa/, “then.”
22 See H. Hummel, “The Enclitic Mem in NWS Languages, especially Hebrew,”
Journal of Biblical Literature (1957), 85–107.