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applications of traps. Technically more advanced lllethods such as light traps (Pickens and
Thimijan, 1986), electrocuting traps (Gilben, 1984) micro ii~adiatiolls (Biron ct al., 1996),
gamma irradiation (Metcalf atid Metcalf, 1993) and otlier irradiations, temperature,
coiltrolled atmospheres with COi ~n combination w~th other gasses and varlous othcr
physical methods designed at the coliverilelice of the user and (ype of insect pest are being
widely used In various industr~ol and domestic envll.onmcnts.
2.3.1.3 Cl~e~~~icill colitrol:
., '
Use of chemicals to fight Insects, dates back to 1200 BC. This is thc most popular
but cco-unfr~tndly strategy. Global market for insect~cides was estilnated to be over 20
billion in 1989 (Environnlent Protection Agency, 1989). Wide varietics of i~isecticidcs
were discovered due to the~r instant resul~s despite their adverse effects on thc ~ntegrity of
the ellviron~iient. To name a few, orga~ioclilorilles (DDT, BHC), orgaliopliosphatcs
(Carbophenothion), Carbarnates (aldicarb, carburyl), pyretliroids (nllethrin, cyalotllrill),
averniectins are some of the widely used insecticldes. Many plant based insecticides have
been used for ages, such as pyrethrin, rotenone, azadirachtin etc. Keeping as~de their
popularity, ~nsect~c~des usage is highly alarnling as they negat~vely affect many of the
living things living in their respective ecosystems. These concerns have bccn published by
many authors, emphasizing the adverse eficts of the insecticide use (Rand, 1995; Edwards
et al., 1996). Their effect on soil microorganisms (Domsch, 1983) microorganisms of the
aquatic environments (Parr, 1974; Curlley and Robinson,
1989), soil inhabiting
invertebrates (Edwards acid Thompson, 1973), liematodes (Yardim and Edwards, 1998),
alukatic invertebrates (Brown, 1978), fish, amphibians, birds (Hardy, 1990) and many
other loving components has been a point of serious concern. Despite many precautions