Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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170 increased by approximately 40% from 1993-2002. Government regulation curtails cross-trading, which has left in place a rigid structure in such professions as carpentry and plumbing. For example, currently legislation prohibits a carpenter who installs cabinets to install a kitchen sink at the same time, though this is permitted for a homeowner (Finansministeriet et al., 2004b, cited in OECD, 2005). Lack of competition in the market for building materials may also raise the costs of housing. Danish construction companies are often challenged to provide foreign building materials, given different building material standards across EU countries. The central national government, however, has made progress on this front: a ministerial working group recommended a simplification of approval procedures and an abolition of the requirement to obtain a special Danish approval of certain building materials. 20 Increasing productivity of this sector and decreasing home prices on the national level greatly affect the Copenhagen metropolitan region‘s housing affordability. Copenhagen could prioritise approval of moderately priced rental units by implementing fast-track development reviews of these proposals. Given the low cost of manufactured housing, municipalities in the Copenhagen metropolitan region might consider encouraging its use on a larger scale. Already the Fund for Cheap Housing (Fonden for Billige Boliger) has reduced construction costs by using modular, prefabricated units manufactured in Estonia, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The most inexpensive units were built for 30% to 40% less than it would cost in Denmark (Scanlon and Vestergaard, 2007). To give developers the possibility of using manufactured housing more frequently, municipalities in the Copenhagen metropolitan region may want to ensure that their zoning regulations or building codes do not place high-quality manufactured housing at a disadvantage. Manufactured housing holds a substantial pricing advantage over traditional housing and may provide greater access for lowand middle-income residents. This could be particularly attractive for smaller ―accessory dwelling units‖ commonly known as in-law units, carriage houses or secondary apartments. Municipalities in the Copenhagen metropolitan region could catalyse moderate cost developments through deepening partnerships with the private development community. Though municipalities do not have the power to impose inclusionary housing requirements for developers, 21 the Danish Planning Act and its complementary revisions in 2007 would allow municipalities to encourage moderate cost developments through density bonuses or rezoning to a higher density. These public-private partnerships have the potential to lower the cost of doing business to allow for new construction and to be economically viable. Several countries facilitate increased production of moderately priced housing through explicitly
171 allowing planning authorities to enter into legal agreements with developers. Such provisions were passed in Section 106 of the UK Town and Country Planning Act (1990) and resulted in a spike in affordable housing production. Through Section 106 agreements, around 12 000 affordable units are being secured each year in the United Kingdom (Monk et al., 2006). To encourage the development of projects for moderately priced housing, municipalities in the Copenhagen metropolitan region may consider reducing the up-front costs of development appraisals. Often these ―soft costs‖ prevent the development of low-cost housing, as would-be homebuilders fear the significant costs – design fees, appraisals, environmental site studies, legal work, financing consultants – that may not be recouped. Local governments in the Copenhagen metropolitan region can assume this risk by financing the costs of environmental and other studies, either as a grant or seeking repayment at zero or low interest at the end of construction. This assistance could be evaluated by municipal planning departments in consultation with community members and housing providers. The importance of regional approaches New housing construction has not been unanimously embraced by municipalities throughout the Copenhagen metropolitan region. A first-timebuyer family with a mean income of DKK 600 000 per year needs to move at least 49 kilometres from the centre of Copenhagen to find affordable and family-friendly housing. First-time buyers, especially young families, are increasingly settling in areas along Copenhagen‘s periphery, such as in Sjaelland, Lolland and Falster or even Malmö. 22 Other communities have not been as welcoming of the ―overflow‖ growth from Copenhagen. The Municipalities of Helsingør and Gentofte, for example, have prevented the construction of new social housing for more than a decade. In the Ishøj Municipality, located in suburban Copenhagen, in the 1990s, the local government resisted what was perceived as an over-concentration of immigrants, many of whom worked in Copenhagen. This issue came to national attention when several immigrants were denied apartments that were initially allocated to them in Ishøj (Vestergaard, 1999). Other municipalities in Copenhagen have been reluctant to develop land for singlefamily housing in order to head off demands for child care institutions and schools. Municipalities in the Øresund Region are burdened with commuter traffic increases and greater capital costs related to extending roads, water and sewer lines and storm water drainage systems. 23 Although it is polycentric, housing, infrastructure and transport have not been distributed equally throughout the region, and particular municipalities have been
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Territorial Review Copenhagen Preli
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3 Acknowledgements This Review was
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5 Table of contents Chapter 1: The
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7 Assessment and Recommendations Co
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9 Its international ranking is mixe
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11 The lack of skill is of paramoun
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13 qualifications of immigrants and
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15 more than twice average full-tim
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17 Commercialisation of research co
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19 surpassed only by Spain and Swed
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21 in the suburban periphery, while
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23 emissions by 25% since 1990 and
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25 and the other municipalities in
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27 instruments at its disposal. A s
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29 Chapter 1: The competitiveness o
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31 Figure 1.2. Map of Copenhagen an
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33 other areas in Denmark are more
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35 Figure 1.5. Map of Copenhagen an
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37 Figure 1.7. Regional GDP in % of
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39 Copenhagen plays a crucial role
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41 Figure 1.8. Monthly unemployment
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43 Figure 1.10. Co-patents between
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45 Table 1.4. Employment and value-
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47 Table 1.6. Overview of studies o
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49 capital. As Table 1.7 shows, the
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Rank Total Accounting Advertising F
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53 Potential of a more integrated
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55 Figure 1.12. Economic growth in
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57 If a broader definition of econo
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59 …but is only moderately succes
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61 Region. The variation in tertiar
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63 Education and skills Education o
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65 Øresund as part of the solution
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67 Under-utilisation of immigrants
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69 Figure 1.18. Share of foreign-bo
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71 the countries that attract the m
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73 both the public and private sect
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75 figures in the THES rankings of
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77 (FORA, 2008). This is in line wi
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79 most other OECD countries (OECD,
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81 Several OECD countries score bet
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83 fewest procedures in the world f
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85 recorded in the OECD (OECD, 1999
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87 50 000 population; New Zealand:
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89 ensuring that these 38 000 dwell
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91 progress has been made - the lev
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93 the region‘s groundwater aquif
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95 rising sea levels (which could r
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Car theft per 1000 inhabitants (200
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99 challenges, such as delays and c
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101 Figure 1.34. Congestion in sele
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immigrants and students, who enter
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105 8 Copenhagen metropolitan regio
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107 ranking rates 200 universities
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109 32 One notable exception is the
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111 44 Københavns Energi (Copenhag
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114 governments and the majority of
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116 main challenges for the region
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118 Box 2.1. Economic linkages betw
Page 120 and 121: 120 technicians. Since the Structur
Page 122 and 123: 122 Figure 2.1. Denmark’s plannin
Page 124 and 125: 124 by openness, quality consciousn
Page 126 and 127: 126 2.3 Skills policies Recent labo
Page 128 and 129: 128 exams. This system gives univer
Page 130 and 131: 130 municipality, which in principl
Page 132 and 133: 132 intention of developing and spr
Page 134 and 135: 134 highly skilled migrants. Such p
Page 136 and 137: 136 the effectiveness of innovation
Page 138 and 139: 138 they suggest that exploratory r
Page 140 and 141: 140 bureaucratic. First-tier fundin
Page 142 and 143: 142 The priority on high-growth ent
Page 144 and 145: 144 Creative entrepreneurship Preli
Page 146 and 147: 146 therefore be targeted at these
Page 148 and 149: 148 A current constraint in busines
Page 150 and 151: 150 2009 will provide some first in
Page 152 and 153: 152 Box 2.4. Ørestad development-I
Page 154 and 155: 154 dealing with the expected incre
Page 156 and 157: 156 but it does not have clear prio
Page 158 and 159: 158 In designing a detailed scheme
Page 160 and 161: 160 of demand management tool in th
Page 162 and 163: 162 elasticity of short-distance lo
Page 164 and 165: 164 bridge construction but for stu
Page 166 and 167: 166 The consequence of the Fehmarn
Page 168 and 169: 168 Local and national housing poli
Page 172 and 173: 172 disproportionately affected. Th
Page 174 and 175: 174 in Denmark (Andersen, 2008). Mu
Page 176 and 177: 176 Given the diversity of the buil
Page 178 and 179: 178 them from implementing more pro
Page 180 and 181: 180 guidelines in the forthcoming C
Page 182 and 183: 182 A wide range of environmental i
Page 184 and 185: 184 Denmark's National Board of Hea
Page 186 and 187: 186 conditions, and natural ventila
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Page 190 and 191: 190 with a further EUR 220 million
Page 192 and 193: 192 inter-linkages between economic
Page 194 and 195: 194 Although these national framewo
Page 196 and 197: 196 schools, teachers and pedagogue
Page 198 and 199: 198 17 In 1997, the average price f
Page 200 and 201: 200 literature and case law that mu
Page 202 and 203: 202 eco-project that will be showca
Page 205 and 206: 205 Chapter 3: metropolitan governa
Page 207 and 208: 207 regional level, the 16 existing
Page 209 and 210: 209 and education. Expenditure for
Page 211 and 212: 211 Administrative boundaries do no
Page 213 and 214: 213 Figure 3.5. Dominance of the co
Page 215 and 216: 215 airport, a new metro line betwe
Page 217 and 218: 217 instruments, it has funds at it
Page 219 and 220: 219 Box 3.3. Relations between metr
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221 Figure 3.6. Under-representatio
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223 Authority, set up to deal with
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225 providing services to other mun
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227 municipalities in Copenhagen wa
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229 3.4 Political leadership The Ci
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231 mayors; permitting only the eco
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233 While international migration m
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235 Human resources management in t
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237 developed, notably by the natio
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This governance framework poses cha
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241 Annex 1: Conceptual Framework T
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243 over 1980-2003, confirm the pre
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245 efficiency of the labour market
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247 population growth was strongly
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249 specialised places are better s
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251 trend can mainly be explained b
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253 partnerships between firms and
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255 workers. Even though relative p
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257 indicators such as GDP per capi
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259 institutional proxies of commun
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261 Bibliography Acs, Z. and C. Arm
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263 Bikes Belong (2008), ―Bicycli
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265 CBS (2005e), A Mapping of Danis
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267 City of Vancouver (2007), ―Re
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269 Demographia (2008), ―4th Annu
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271 Faugert, S. et al. (2004), ―E
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273 Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy (1989)
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275 Konkurrencestyrelsen (2004), Ko
Page 277 and 278:
277 Meijiers and Romeim (2003) ―R
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279 OECD (1996), Innovative Policie
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281 Rappaport, J. and J. Sachs (200
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283 Statistics Denmark (2008) ―IN
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