Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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178 them from implementing more progressive designs. This is especially the case for developers that shy away from designs that use geo-thermal heating, green roofs, recycled water and more environmental ventilation systems. Given the old housing stock in the Copenhagen metropolitan region, resources are also needed for renovating and retrofitting mixed-income housing with state-of-the-art environmental and energy design features, especially weatherisation improvements. Municipalities in the Copenhagen metropolitan region might consider requiring insulation tests for rehabilitated stock, which are obligatory for new homes in the United Kingdom (Energy Savings Trust, 2007). Finally, local governments could mandate that new social housing upgrade its environmental criteria by requiring social housing to abide by high green-building standards. Boston, for example, greened its affordable housing programme by requiring that any affordable housing development that receives government support is certifiable at the ―silver‖ level by the US Green Building Council‘s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program. To assist developers, Massachusetts has offered funding to help developers comply with these standards. Through a similar initiative, municipalities could showcase their environmental commitment through affordable housing development. Future challenges for the Copenhagen metropolitan region Copenhagen‘s population will grow in the next few years. The Øresund Region forecasts predict a growth of 152 000 people in the Swedish side and 75 000 people in the Danish side by 2020 (Statistics Denmark, 2008; Region Skåne, 2007). If the Copenhagen metropolitan region is to remain a diverse area with homes for everyone, there will be a need for changes in legislation that will allow the city to facilitate the development of new housing. Urban renewal will be critical given the mandate to renovate and modernise the city‘s old housing stock. The social division of the city will continue to be one of the greatest challenges faced by the region. Its resolution will require changes in legislation that will allow the municipalities in the Capital Region to better assist socially disadvantaged groups and distressed neighborhoods. 2.7.2 Environmental policy and sustainability initiatives Copenhagen‘s environmental policy has solidified its reputation as one of the ―greenest‖ cities in the world. Since 1990, Copenhageners have reduced their CO 2 emissions by 25%, primarily as a result of the operation of the use of cleaner fuels and the efficiency of its district heating system. Equally impressive, 90% of building waste is reused and 34% of
179 Copenhagen‘s workforce bicycles to work (City of Copenhagen, 2007). After decades of pedestrian planning and improvement in public space, Copenhagen is often referred to as the most walkable city in Europe. Copenhagen‘s vibrant pedestrian network includes over 33 000 m 2 of streets and 66 000 m 2 of squares. In addition, ―Copenhagen‘s medieval structure and homogenous low building stock help make the most of climate conditions. The physical structure reduces wind and shade and provides good sun access‖ (Gehl and Gemzøe, 1996). In the wake of these achievements, the United Nations selected Copenhagen to host its 2009 Climate Change Conference (COP15). In anticipation of the conference, a new round of projects has been launched to showcase Copenhagen‘s commitment to the environment. 39 Copenhagen has acknowledged the economic potential of renewable energy industries in creating ―green-collar jobs‖ especially in wind turbines, where Denmark controls 35% of the world market (Confederation of Danish Industries, 2008). In 2008, Monocle Magazine designated Copenhagen as the world‘s ―most liveable‖ city, which testifies to the large-scale achievements in implementing cutting-edge environmental policies. 40 The state of environmental policy in Copenhagen and the danger of complacency Despite the remarkable achievements of Copenhagen, the state of its environment may be compromised by future trends, foremost among them the rise of traffic. Though traffic is low in Copenhagen compared to other cities its size, the high rate of particulate pollution that it produces compromises the health of Copenhageners and the image of the metropole as an ―eco city‖. As stated in Chapter 1, particulate pollution from diesel cars, wood stoves and other materials has produced higher levels of particulate matter than in larger cities such as Paris, London or Frankfurt. Epidemiological research has shown that particulate pollution in Copenhagen is accountable for an additional 780 premature deaths and between 860 to 2 260 additional hospitalisations from cardiovascular disease and respiratory problems per million inhabitants (Danish National Environmental Research Institute and the Institute for People‘s Health, cited in Capital Region of Denmark, 2008). Other key fault lines in the city‘s environmental policy include rising contamination in soil, threatened water quality and the absence of green landscaping. In response to the city‘s environmental challenges, the city has proactively established environmental targets that should be implemented and expanded. These goals were initially established in ―Eco-Metropole: Our Vision for Copenhagen 2015‖ and are pending implementation per
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Territorial Review Copenhagen Preli
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3 Acknowledgements This Review was
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5 Table of contents Chapter 1: The
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7 Assessment and Recommendations Co
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9 Its international ranking is mixe
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11 The lack of skill is of paramoun
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13 qualifications of immigrants and
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15 more than twice average full-tim
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17 Commercialisation of research co
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19 surpassed only by Spain and Swed
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21 in the suburban periphery, while
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23 emissions by 25% since 1990 and
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25 and the other municipalities in
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27 instruments at its disposal. A s
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29 Chapter 1: The competitiveness o
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31 Figure 1.2. Map of Copenhagen an
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33 other areas in Denmark are more
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35 Figure 1.5. Map of Copenhagen an
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37 Figure 1.7. Regional GDP in % of
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39 Copenhagen plays a crucial role
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41 Figure 1.8. Monthly unemployment
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43 Figure 1.10. Co-patents between
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45 Table 1.4. Employment and value-
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47 Table 1.6. Overview of studies o
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49 capital. As Table 1.7 shows, the
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Rank Total Accounting Advertising F
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53 Potential of a more integrated
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55 Figure 1.12. Economic growth in
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57 If a broader definition of econo
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59 …but is only moderately succes
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61 Region. The variation in tertiar
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63 Education and skills Education o
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65 Øresund as part of the solution
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67 Under-utilisation of immigrants
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69 Figure 1.18. Share of foreign-bo
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71 the countries that attract the m
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73 both the public and private sect
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75 figures in the THES rankings of
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77 (FORA, 2008). This is in line wi
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79 most other OECD countries (OECD,
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81 Several OECD countries score bet
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83 fewest procedures in the world f
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85 recorded in the OECD (OECD, 1999
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87 50 000 population; New Zealand:
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89 ensuring that these 38 000 dwell
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91 progress has been made - the lev
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93 the region‘s groundwater aquif
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95 rising sea levels (which could r
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Car theft per 1000 inhabitants (200
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99 challenges, such as delays and c
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101 Figure 1.34. Congestion in sele
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immigrants and students, who enter
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105 8 Copenhagen metropolitan regio
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107 ranking rates 200 universities
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109 32 One notable exception is the
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111 44 Københavns Energi (Copenhag
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114 governments and the majority of
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116 main challenges for the region
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118 Box 2.1. Economic linkages betw
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120 technicians. Since the Structur
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122 Figure 2.1. Denmark’s plannin
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124 by openness, quality consciousn
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126 2.3 Skills policies Recent labo
Page 128 and 129: 128 exams. This system gives univer
Page 130 and 131: 130 municipality, which in principl
Page 132 and 133: 132 intention of developing and spr
Page 134 and 135: 134 highly skilled migrants. Such p
Page 136 and 137: 136 the effectiveness of innovation
Page 138 and 139: 138 they suggest that exploratory r
Page 140 and 141: 140 bureaucratic. First-tier fundin
Page 142 and 143: 142 The priority on high-growth ent
Page 144 and 145: 144 Creative entrepreneurship Preli
Page 146 and 147: 146 therefore be targeted at these
Page 148 and 149: 148 A current constraint in busines
Page 150 and 151: 150 2009 will provide some first in
Page 152 and 153: 152 Box 2.4. Ørestad development-I
Page 154 and 155: 154 dealing with the expected incre
Page 156 and 157: 156 but it does not have clear prio
Page 158 and 159: 158 In designing a detailed scheme
Page 160 and 161: 160 of demand management tool in th
Page 162 and 163: 162 elasticity of short-distance lo
Page 164 and 165: 164 bridge construction but for stu
Page 166 and 167: 166 The consequence of the Fehmarn
Page 168 and 169: 168 Local and national housing poli
Page 170 and 171: 170 increased by approximately 40%
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Page 174 and 175: 174 in Denmark (Andersen, 2008). Mu
Page 176 and 177: 176 Given the diversity of the buil
Page 180 and 181: 180 guidelines in the forthcoming C
Page 182 and 183: 182 A wide range of environmental i
Page 184 and 185: 184 Denmark's National Board of Hea
Page 186 and 187: 186 conditions, and natural ventila
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Page 190 and 191: 190 with a further EUR 220 million
Page 192 and 193: 192 inter-linkages between economic
Page 194 and 195: 194 Although these national framewo
Page 196 and 197: 196 schools, teachers and pedagogue
Page 198 and 199: 198 17 In 1997, the average price f
Page 200 and 201: 200 literature and case law that mu
Page 202 and 203: 202 eco-project that will be showca
Page 205 and 206: 205 Chapter 3: metropolitan governa
Page 207 and 208: 207 regional level, the 16 existing
Page 209 and 210: 209 and education. Expenditure for
Page 211 and 212: 211 Administrative boundaries do no
Page 213 and 214: 213 Figure 3.5. Dominance of the co
Page 215 and 216: 215 airport, a new metro line betwe
Page 217 and 218: 217 instruments, it has funds at it
Page 219 and 220: 219 Box 3.3. Relations between metr
Page 221 and 222: 221 Figure 3.6. Under-representatio
Page 223 and 224: 223 Authority, set up to deal with
Page 225 and 226: 225 providing services to other mun
Page 227 and 228: 227 municipalities in Copenhagen wa
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229 3.4 Political leadership The Ci
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231 mayors; permitting only the eco
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233 While international migration m
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235 Human resources management in t
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237 developed, notably by the natio
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This governance framework poses cha
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241 Annex 1: Conceptual Framework T
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243 over 1980-2003, confirm the pre
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245 efficiency of the labour market
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247 population growth was strongly
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249 specialised places are better s
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251 trend can mainly be explained b
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253 partnerships between firms and
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255 workers. Even though relative p
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257 indicators such as GDP per capi
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259 institutional proxies of commun
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261 Bibliography Acs, Z. and C. Arm
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263 Bikes Belong (2008), ―Bicycli
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265 CBS (2005e), A Mapping of Danis
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267 City of Vancouver (2007), ―Re
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269 Demographia (2008), ―4th Annu
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271 Faugert, S. et al. (2004), ―E
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273 Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy (1989)
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275 Konkurrencestyrelsen (2004), Ko
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277 Meijiers and Romeim (2003) ―R
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279 OECD (1996), Innovative Policie
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281 Rappaport, J. and J. Sachs (200
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283 Statistics Denmark (2008) ―IN
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