Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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38 An engine for national economic growth Copenhagen not only generates more economic production per inhabitant than the rest of the country, but also per worker. GDP per capita in Copenhagen in 2004 was around 40% higher than the average GDP per capita in Denmark. Copenhagen is not the only region whose economic performance is above the national average. East Jutland, for example, has recently also shown relatively high growth, which is at least partly based on strong exports and innovation in high-tech industries. The impact of Copenhagen in many fields is, however, larger: it is the most highly educated, most innovative and most cosmopolitan region of Denmark. The Capital Region has 30% of the Danish population, but is home to 53% of all Danes with higher education. It is the place where 80% of all high techenterprises are located and where 85% of the foreign investment into Denmark takes place. The Capital Region has created 75% of the employment growth in Denmark over the last decade. Although larger employment growth in metropolitan areas is not unusual, this share is high from an international perspective. On average in the OECD countries, around half of employment growth occurs in 10% of the regions. In Denmark this percentage was 70% in the period 1998-2003. Only in Japan, Germany and Iceland was the employment growth, as generated by the bestperforming regions, higher (OECD, 2007). Copenhagen is by far the most internationally oriented region when it comes to scientific co-operation via co-patents. Copenhagen has far more foreign co-patents (83% of all Danish foreign co-patents) than its share of the national economy (49%) would suggest. This is a very high percentage when compared with similar cities in the OECD that also take up a large share of their national economy (Table 1.2). Mainland Denmark scores very low on this indicator: ranging from 7% in Mid-Jutland to 2% in North Jutland. Table 1.2. Dominance of selected OECD metropolitan areas in foreign co-patents (2004) Foreign co-patent over-representation index Share of total national co-patents with foreign countries (%) Share of national economy (%) Copenhagen 1.69 83 49 Oslo 1.68 62 37 Helsinki 1.48 62 42 Brussels 1.41 62 44 Dublin 1.08 52 48 Randstad 0.96 49 51 Source: OECD Secretariat‘s calculations on the basis of OECD Patent Database. Units of analysis are similar to those in the OECD Metropolitan Database.
39 Copenhagen plays a crucial role in Danish exports. The Capital Region accounts for 51% of all Danish exports. The average export rate of turnover in goods in 2005 was 24% in Denmark, 27% in the Capital Region and 33% in the city of Copenhagen (including Frederiksberg). Some economic sectors in the Capital Region have a particularly high export rate, particularly in agriculture, where in 2005, 39% of the turnover in Denmark came from the Capital Region, but 87% of the exports. Some distortion may be involved, owing to exports that were assigned to headquarters but not necessarily produced there. The numbers reflect Denmark‘s strong exporting position in agriculture, if not necessarily that of the Capital Region. This cannot, however, account for all the export over-representation in Copenhagen. Other strong exporting positions are found in transport and communication and in personal services, where the Capital Region takes up 90% of the total exports. The only sectors in which exports from the Capital Region are relatively under-represented are in wholesale and retail (Table 1.3). Table 1.3. Export over-representation of Copenhagen (Capital Region) in 2005 Export overrepresentation index Share in Danish turnover (%) Share in Danish exports (%) Agriculture 2.21 39 87 Public and personal services 1.63 55 90 Finance and business services 1.25 61 77 Transport and communications 1.19 75 89 Manufacturing 1.04 29 31 Construction 1.03 36 37 Wholesale and retail 0.96 44 42 Total 1.10 46 51 Source: OECD Secretariat‘s calculations based on data of Statistics Denmark. Spill-overs to the rest of Denmark The strong position of Copenhagen has important ramifications in the rest of the country. This is not self-evident: many city-regions in the OECD are doing well without necessarily benefiting the rest of the country. These benefits can flow both via economic linkages and via scientific cooperation. 9 i) Economic linkages. There are strong economic linkages between regions in Denmark. For every 100 jobs created in Copenhagen via direct
Page 1 and 2: Territorial Review Copenhagen Preli
Page 3 and 4: 3 Acknowledgements This Review was
Page 5 and 6: 5 Table of contents Chapter 1: The
Page 7 and 8: 7 Assessment and Recommendations Co
Page 9 and 10: 9 Its international ranking is mixe
Page 11 and 12: 11 The lack of skill is of paramoun
Page 13 and 14: 13 qualifications of immigrants and
Page 15 and 16: 15 more than twice average full-tim
Page 17 and 18: 17 Commercialisation of research co
Page 19 and 20: 19 surpassed only by Spain and Swed
Page 21 and 22: 21 in the suburban periphery, while
Page 23 and 24: 23 emissions by 25% since 1990 and
Page 25 and 26: 25 and the other municipalities in
Page 27 and 28: 27 instruments at its disposal. A s
Page 29 and 30: 29 Chapter 1: The competitiveness o
Page 31 and 32: 31 Figure 1.2. Map of Copenhagen an
Page 33 and 34: 33 other areas in Denmark are more
Page 35 and 36: 35 Figure 1.5. Map of Copenhagen an
Page 37: 37 Figure 1.7. Regional GDP in % of
Page 41 and 42: 41 Figure 1.8. Monthly unemployment
Page 43 and 44: 43 Figure 1.10. Co-patents between
Page 45 and 46: 45 Table 1.4. Employment and value-
Page 47 and 48: 47 Table 1.6. Overview of studies o
Page 49 and 50: 49 capital. As Table 1.7 shows, the
Page 51 and 52: Rank Total Accounting Advertising F
Page 53 and 54: 53 Potential of a more integrated
Page 55 and 56: 55 Figure 1.12. Economic growth in
Page 57 and 58: 57 If a broader definition of econo
Page 59 and 60: 59 …but is only moderately succes
Page 61 and 62: 61 Region. The variation in tertiar
Page 63 and 64: 63 Education and skills Education o
Page 65 and 66: 65 Øresund as part of the solution
Page 67 and 68: 67 Under-utilisation of immigrants
Page 69 and 70: 69 Figure 1.18. Share of foreign-bo
Page 71 and 72: 71 the countries that attract the m
Page 73 and 74: 73 both the public and private sect
Page 75 and 76: 75 figures in the THES rankings of
Page 77 and 78: 77 (FORA, 2008). This is in line wi
Page 79 and 80: 79 most other OECD countries (OECD,
Page 81 and 82: 81 Several OECD countries score bet
Page 83 and 84: 83 fewest procedures in the world f
Page 85 and 86: 85 recorded in the OECD (OECD, 1999
Page 87 and 88: 87 50 000 population; New Zealand:
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89 ensuring that these 38 000 dwell
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91 progress has been made - the lev
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93 the region‘s groundwater aquif
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95 rising sea levels (which could r
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Car theft per 1000 inhabitants (200
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99 challenges, such as delays and c
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101 Figure 1.34. Congestion in sele
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immigrants and students, who enter
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105 8 Copenhagen metropolitan regio
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107 ranking rates 200 universities
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109 32 One notable exception is the
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111 44 Københavns Energi (Copenhag
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114 governments and the majority of
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116 main challenges for the region
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118 Box 2.1. Economic linkages betw
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120 technicians. Since the Structur
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122 Figure 2.1. Denmark’s plannin
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124 by openness, quality consciousn
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126 2.3 Skills policies Recent labo
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128 exams. This system gives univer
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130 municipality, which in principl
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132 intention of developing and spr
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134 highly skilled migrants. Such p
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136 the effectiveness of innovation
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138 they suggest that exploratory r
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140 bureaucratic. First-tier fundin
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142 The priority on high-growth ent
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144 Creative entrepreneurship Preli
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146 therefore be targeted at these
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148 A current constraint in busines
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150 2009 will provide some first in
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152 Box 2.4. Ørestad development-I
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154 dealing with the expected incre
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156 but it does not have clear prio
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158 In designing a detailed scheme
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160 of demand management tool in th
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162 elasticity of short-distance lo
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164 bridge construction but for stu
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166 The consequence of the Fehmarn
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168 Local and national housing poli
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170 increased by approximately 40%
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172 disproportionately affected. Th
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174 in Denmark (Andersen, 2008). Mu
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176 Given the diversity of the buil
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178 them from implementing more pro
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180 guidelines in the forthcoming C
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182 A wide range of environmental i
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184 Denmark's National Board of Hea
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186 conditions, and natural ventila
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188 mandated to integrate respect f
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190 with a further EUR 220 million
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192 inter-linkages between economic
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194 Although these national framewo
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196 schools, teachers and pedagogue
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198 17 In 1997, the average price f
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200 literature and case law that mu
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202 eco-project that will be showca
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205 Chapter 3: metropolitan governa
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207 regional level, the 16 existing
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209 and education. Expenditure for
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211 Administrative boundaries do no
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213 Figure 3.5. Dominance of the co
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215 airport, a new metro line betwe
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217 instruments, it has funds at it
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219 Box 3.3. Relations between metr
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221 Figure 3.6. Under-representatio
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223 Authority, set up to deal with
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225 providing services to other mun
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227 municipalities in Copenhagen wa
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229 3.4 Political leadership The Ci
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231 mayors; permitting only the eco
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233 While international migration m
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235 Human resources management in t
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237 developed, notably by the natio
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This governance framework poses cha
Page 241 and 242:
241 Annex 1: Conceptual Framework T
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243 over 1980-2003, confirm the pre
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245 efficiency of the labour market
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247 population growth was strongly
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249 specialised places are better s
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251 trend can mainly be explained b
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253 partnerships between firms and
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255 workers. Even though relative p
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257 indicators such as GDP per capi
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259 institutional proxies of commun
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261 Bibliography Acs, Z. and C. Arm
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263 Bikes Belong (2008), ―Bicycli
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265 CBS (2005e), A Mapping of Danis
Page 267 and 268:
267 City of Vancouver (2007), ―Re
Page 269 and 270:
269 Demographia (2008), ―4th Annu
Page 271 and 272:
271 Faugert, S. et al. (2004), ―E
Page 273 and 274:
273 Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy (1989)
Page 275 and 276:
275 Konkurrencestyrelsen (2004), Ko
Page 277 and 278:
277 Meijiers and Romeim (2003) ―R
Page 279 and 280:
279 OECD (1996), Innovative Policie
Page 281 and 282:
281 Rappaport, J. and J. Sachs (200
Page 283 and 284:
283 Statistics Denmark (2008) ―IN
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