Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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238 have been made to be more client-friendly, by developing Citizens Service Centres in various areas in the city that serve as one-stop shops for everything related to the city of Copenhagen. A variety of private actors is included in the formulation and implementation of policies and initiatives. Entrepreneurs have been invited to think-tanks of the mayor, such as the Creative Forum, the think-tank for labour market developments and the mayor‘s business forum. Business and trade unions are represented in the Regional Growth Forums. In addition, there has been a tradition of encouraging private and semi-private parties to be the operating actors of certain regional and local policies; as in the foreign investment attraction office Copenhagen Capacity, and the tourist attraction office Wonderful Copenhagen. 3.7 Conclusion There is no effective governance model for Copenhagen, which is exacerbated by several factors: fragmentation at the metropolitan level, the existence of 29 relatively powerful municipalities, and a core city that is relatively small in relation to the wider metropolitan area. Moreover, the Capital Region does not have many instruments to co-ordinate municipalities, and its boundaries do not in any case correspond to the functional metropolitan area. The internal government model in Copenhagen, which allows all political parties to be part of the city government, complicates effective leadership, and no well-functioning arrangement exists that allows for an area-based discussion on Copenhagen with the central government. The structural local government reform of 2007 has made matters worse. Although the reform was remarkable from an international comparative perspective, its impact on Copenhagen has not been positive. The City of Copenhagen has become a municipality like any other municipalities: it has lost its special position and some of its responsibilities. The regional level has been weakened; it is now mainly involved in health care; its spatial planning responsibilities have been re-decentralised and its taxing powers have been removed. The previous vehicle for metropolitan co-ordination, the Greater Copenhagen Council, was abolished. Whereas municipalities in most other regions in Denmark merged, the level of metropolitan fragmentation has remained more or less static in Copenhagen. In addition, financial autonomy has been limited drastically in the last few years. National government has now put constraints on local taxation, expenditures, deficits, borrowing and use of alternative financial instruments. These measures for controlling sub-national fiscal discipline are very strict when compared to other OECD countries.
This governance framework poses challenges. Since its problems differ markedly from those of other areas in Denmark, it could benefit from national policies that differentiate according to these regionally differentiated needs or leave enough room for the metropolitan area to pursue its own policies more actively. Neither of these options appears currently to be in place. Considering Copenhagen‘s importance for the national economy as a whole, all the actors concerned have an interest in making sure that governance frameworks and policies are more conducive to Copenhagen‘s competitiveness. 239
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Territorial Review Copenhagen Preli
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3 Acknowledgements This Review was
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5 Table of contents Chapter 1: The
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7 Assessment and Recommendations Co
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9 Its international ranking is mixe
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11 The lack of skill is of paramoun
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13 qualifications of immigrants and
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15 more than twice average full-tim
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17 Commercialisation of research co
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19 surpassed only by Spain and Swed
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21 in the suburban periphery, while
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23 emissions by 25% since 1990 and
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25 and the other municipalities in
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27 instruments at its disposal. A s
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29 Chapter 1: The competitiveness o
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31 Figure 1.2. Map of Copenhagen an
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33 other areas in Denmark are more
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35 Figure 1.5. Map of Copenhagen an
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37 Figure 1.7. Regional GDP in % of
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39 Copenhagen plays a crucial role
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41 Figure 1.8. Monthly unemployment
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43 Figure 1.10. Co-patents between
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45 Table 1.4. Employment and value-
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47 Table 1.6. Overview of studies o
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49 capital. As Table 1.7 shows, the
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Rank Total Accounting Advertising F
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53 Potential of a more integrated
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55 Figure 1.12. Economic growth in
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57 If a broader definition of econo
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59 …but is only moderately succes
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61 Region. The variation in tertiar
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63 Education and skills Education o
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65 Øresund as part of the solution
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67 Under-utilisation of immigrants
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69 Figure 1.18. Share of foreign-bo
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71 the countries that attract the m
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73 both the public and private sect
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75 figures in the THES rankings of
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77 (FORA, 2008). This is in line wi
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79 most other OECD countries (OECD,
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81 Several OECD countries score bet
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83 fewest procedures in the world f
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85 recorded in the OECD (OECD, 1999
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87 50 000 population; New Zealand:
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89 ensuring that these 38 000 dwell
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91 progress has been made - the lev
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93 the region‘s groundwater aquif
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95 rising sea levels (which could r
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Car theft per 1000 inhabitants (200
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99 challenges, such as delays and c
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101 Figure 1.34. Congestion in sele
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immigrants and students, who enter
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105 8 Copenhagen metropolitan regio
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107 ranking rates 200 universities
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109 32 One notable exception is the
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111 44 Københavns Energi (Copenhag
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114 governments and the majority of
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116 main challenges for the region
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118 Box 2.1. Economic linkages betw
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120 technicians. Since the Structur
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122 Figure 2.1. Denmark’s plannin
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124 by openness, quality consciousn
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126 2.3 Skills policies Recent labo
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128 exams. This system gives univer
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130 municipality, which in principl
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132 intention of developing and spr
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134 highly skilled migrants. Such p
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136 the effectiveness of innovation
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138 they suggest that exploratory r
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140 bureaucratic. First-tier fundin
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142 The priority on high-growth ent
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144 Creative entrepreneurship Preli
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146 therefore be targeted at these
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148 A current constraint in busines
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150 2009 will provide some first in
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152 Box 2.4. Ørestad development-I
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154 dealing with the expected incre
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156 but it does not have clear prio
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158 In designing a detailed scheme
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160 of demand management tool in th
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162 elasticity of short-distance lo
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164 bridge construction but for stu
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166 The consequence of the Fehmarn
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168 Local and national housing poli
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170 increased by approximately 40%
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172 disproportionately affected. Th
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174 in Denmark (Andersen, 2008). Mu
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176 Given the diversity of the buil
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178 them from implementing more pro
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180 guidelines in the forthcoming C
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182 A wide range of environmental i
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184 Denmark's National Board of Hea
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186 conditions, and natural ventila
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Page 190 and 191: 190 with a further EUR 220 million
Page 192 and 193: 192 inter-linkages between economic
Page 194 and 195: 194 Although these national framewo
Page 196 and 197: 196 schools, teachers and pedagogue
Page 198 and 199: 198 17 In 1997, the average price f
Page 200 and 201: 200 literature and case law that mu
Page 202 and 203: 202 eco-project that will be showca
Page 205 and 206: 205 Chapter 3: metropolitan governa
Page 207 and 208: 207 regional level, the 16 existing
Page 209 and 210: 209 and education. Expenditure for
Page 211 and 212: 211 Administrative boundaries do no
Page 213 and 214: 213 Figure 3.5. Dominance of the co
Page 215 and 216: 215 airport, a new metro line betwe
Page 217 and 218: 217 instruments, it has funds at it
Page 219 and 220: 219 Box 3.3. Relations between metr
Page 221 and 222: 221 Figure 3.6. Under-representatio
Page 223 and 224: 223 Authority, set up to deal with
Page 225 and 226: 225 providing services to other mun
Page 227 and 228: 227 municipalities in Copenhagen wa
Page 229 and 230: 229 3.4 Political leadership The Ci
Page 231 and 232: 231 mayors; permitting only the eco
Page 233 and 234: 233 While international migration m
Page 235 and 236: 235 Human resources management in t
Page 237: 237 developed, notably by the natio
Page 241 and 242: 241 Annex 1: Conceptual Framework T
Page 243 and 244: 243 over 1980-2003, confirm the pre
Page 245 and 246: 245 efficiency of the labour market
Page 247 and 248: 247 population growth was strongly
Page 249 and 250: 249 specialised places are better s
Page 251 and 252: 251 trend can mainly be explained b
Page 253 and 254: 253 partnerships between firms and
Page 255 and 256: 255 workers. Even though relative p
Page 257 and 258: 257 indicators such as GDP per capi
Page 259 and 260: 259 institutional proxies of commun
Page 261 and 262: 261 Bibliography Acs, Z. and C. Arm
Page 263 and 264: 263 Bikes Belong (2008), ―Bicycli
Page 265 and 266: 265 CBS (2005e), A Mapping of Danis
Page 267 and 268: 267 City of Vancouver (2007), ―Re
Page 269 and 270: 269 Demographia (2008), ―4th Annu
Page 271 and 272: 271 Faugert, S. et al. (2004), ―E
Page 273 and 274: 273 Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy (1989)
Page 275 and 276: 275 Konkurrencestyrelsen (2004), Ko
Page 277 and 278: 277 Meijiers and Romeim (2003) ―R
Page 279 and 280: 279 OECD (1996), Innovative Policie
Page 281 and 282: 281 Rappaport, J. and J. Sachs (200
Page 283 and 284: 283 Statistics Denmark (2008) ―IN
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