Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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212 Municipal fragmentation in Copenhagen has not been deal with Municipal amalgamation was more intense outside Copenhagen. The number of municipalities there was reduced from 219 to 63; within the Copenhagen area (former HUR-area), the reduction was far less radical: from 52 to 35. The agreement between political parties on the structural reform aimed at municipalities with on average 30 000 inhabitants. Since this was mostly already the case, municipalities in Copenhagen had fewer incentives for further amalgamation. As the reform followed a dominantly voluntary logic, the central government did not push for substantial amalgamations in Copenhagen. Consequently, institutional fragmentation at the level of metropolitan Copenhagen continues. One of expressions of this is the existence of a separate municipality (Frederiksberg) within the boundaries of the city of Copenhagen. Another instance is the fact that the population of the city of Copenhagen proper, as a percentage of the population within the metropolitan area, is low, both from a national and international perspective. Only about 21% of Copenhagen‘s residents live in the city of Copenhagen. In Aarhus and Odense, where suburbs have merged with the core city in recent decades, 45% and 40% respectively of the population of the wider metropolitan area now lives within the boundaries of the city. Comparison with other European cities shows that few cities have the metropolitan fragmentation of Copenhagen. Although the existence of several local government units can stimulate competition between them and lead to more efficient provision of services, local choice, and goods and services adapted to local preferences, serious challenges are associated with fragmentation when sub-national governments have responsibilities for goods and services with externalities such as public transport.
213 Figure 3.5. Dominance of the core city over the metropolitan area (in terms of population) Source: OECD secretariat‘s calculations on the basis of the OECD Regional Database The structural reform has weakened the position of Copenhagen The City of Copenhagen lost its special position after the reform. As mentioned in previous sections, the structural reform did not solve Copenhagen‘s problems of co-ordination and fragmentation. In addition, it brought an end to the special position of the City of Copenhagen and of Frederiksberg. Since these were simultaneously both a municipality and a county, they had a wide range of responsibilities. In health care, they jointly established the Copenhagen Hospital Corporation, which was considered to be moderately successful. Its tasks were transferred to the Capital Region. Tasks that municipalities and counties had delegated to the Greater Copenhagen Authority were transferred away, most importantly public transport; part of these responsibilities were transferred to a new company called Movia and regional planning was to a large extent centralised in the
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Territorial Review Copenhagen Preli
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3 Acknowledgements This Review was
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5 Table of contents Chapter 1: The
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7 Assessment and Recommendations Co
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9 Its international ranking is mixe
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11 The lack of skill is of paramoun
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13 qualifications of immigrants and
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15 more than twice average full-tim
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17 Commercialisation of research co
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19 surpassed only by Spain and Swed
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21 in the suburban periphery, while
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23 emissions by 25% since 1990 and
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25 and the other municipalities in
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27 instruments at its disposal. A s
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29 Chapter 1: The competitiveness o
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31 Figure 1.2. Map of Copenhagen an
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33 other areas in Denmark are more
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35 Figure 1.5. Map of Copenhagen an
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37 Figure 1.7. Regional GDP in % of
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39 Copenhagen plays a crucial role
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41 Figure 1.8. Monthly unemployment
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43 Figure 1.10. Co-patents between
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45 Table 1.4. Employment and value-
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47 Table 1.6. Overview of studies o
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49 capital. As Table 1.7 shows, the
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Rank Total Accounting Advertising F
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53 Potential of a more integrated
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55 Figure 1.12. Economic growth in
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57 If a broader definition of econo
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59 …but is only moderately succes
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61 Region. The variation in tertiar
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63 Education and skills Education o
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65 Øresund as part of the solution
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67 Under-utilisation of immigrants
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69 Figure 1.18. Share of foreign-bo
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71 the countries that attract the m
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73 both the public and private sect
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75 figures in the THES rankings of
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77 (FORA, 2008). This is in line wi
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79 most other OECD countries (OECD,
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81 Several OECD countries score bet
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83 fewest procedures in the world f
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85 recorded in the OECD (OECD, 1999
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87 50 000 population; New Zealand:
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89 ensuring that these 38 000 dwell
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91 progress has been made - the lev
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93 the region‘s groundwater aquif
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95 rising sea levels (which could r
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Car theft per 1000 inhabitants (200
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99 challenges, such as delays and c
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101 Figure 1.34. Congestion in sele
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immigrants and students, who enter
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105 8 Copenhagen metropolitan regio
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107 ranking rates 200 universities
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109 32 One notable exception is the
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111 44 Københavns Energi (Copenhag
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114 governments and the majority of
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116 main challenges for the region
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118 Box 2.1. Economic linkages betw
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120 technicians. Since the Structur
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122 Figure 2.1. Denmark’s plannin
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124 by openness, quality consciousn
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126 2.3 Skills policies Recent labo
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128 exams. This system gives univer
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130 municipality, which in principl
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132 intention of developing and spr
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134 highly skilled migrants. Such p
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136 the effectiveness of innovation
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138 they suggest that exploratory r
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140 bureaucratic. First-tier fundin
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142 The priority on high-growth ent
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144 Creative entrepreneurship Preli
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146 therefore be targeted at these
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148 A current constraint in busines
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150 2009 will provide some first in
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152 Box 2.4. Ørestad development-I
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154 dealing with the expected incre
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156 but it does not have clear prio
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158 In designing a detailed scheme
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160 of demand management tool in th
Page 162 and 163: 162 elasticity of short-distance lo
Page 164 and 165: 164 bridge construction but for stu
Page 166 and 167: 166 The consequence of the Fehmarn
Page 168 and 169: 168 Local and national housing poli
Page 170 and 171: 170 increased by approximately 40%
Page 172 and 173: 172 disproportionately affected. Th
Page 174 and 175: 174 in Denmark (Andersen, 2008). Mu
Page 176 and 177: 176 Given the diversity of the buil
Page 178 and 179: 178 them from implementing more pro
Page 180 and 181: 180 guidelines in the forthcoming C
Page 182 and 183: 182 A wide range of environmental i
Page 184 and 185: 184 Denmark's National Board of Hea
Page 186 and 187: 186 conditions, and natural ventila
Page 188 and 189: 188 mandated to integrate respect f
Page 190 and 191: 190 with a further EUR 220 million
Page 192 and 193: 192 inter-linkages between economic
Page 194 and 195: 194 Although these national framewo
Page 196 and 197: 196 schools, teachers and pedagogue
Page 198 and 199: 198 17 In 1997, the average price f
Page 200 and 201: 200 literature and case law that mu
Page 202 and 203: 202 eco-project that will be showca
Page 205 and 206: 205 Chapter 3: metropolitan governa
Page 207 and 208: 207 regional level, the 16 existing
Page 209 and 210: 209 and education. Expenditure for
Page 211: 211 Administrative boundaries do no
Page 215 and 216: 215 airport, a new metro line betwe
Page 217 and 218: 217 instruments, it has funds at it
Page 219 and 220: 219 Box 3.3. Relations between metr
Page 221 and 222: 221 Figure 3.6. Under-representatio
Page 223 and 224: 223 Authority, set up to deal with
Page 225 and 226: 225 providing services to other mun
Page 227 and 228: 227 municipalities in Copenhagen wa
Page 229 and 230: 229 3.4 Political leadership The Ci
Page 231 and 232: 231 mayors; permitting only the eco
Page 233 and 234: 233 While international migration m
Page 235 and 236: 235 Human resources management in t
Page 237 and 238: 237 developed, notably by the natio
Page 239 and 240: This governance framework poses cha
Page 241 and 242: 241 Annex 1: Conceptual Framework T
Page 243 and 244: 243 over 1980-2003, confirm the pre
Page 245 and 246: 245 efficiency of the labour market
Page 247 and 248: 247 population growth was strongly
Page 249 and 250: 249 specialised places are better s
Page 251 and 252: 251 trend can mainly be explained b
Page 253 and 254: 253 partnerships between firms and
Page 255 and 256: 255 workers. Even though relative p
Page 257 and 258: 257 indicators such as GDP per capi
Page 259 and 260: 259 institutional proxies of commun
Page 261 and 262: 261 Bibliography Acs, Z. and C. Arm
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263 Bikes Belong (2008), ―Bicycli
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265 CBS (2005e), A Mapping of Danis
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267 City of Vancouver (2007), ―Re
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269 Demographia (2008), ―4th Annu
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271 Faugert, S. et al. (2004), ―E
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273 Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy (1989)
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275 Konkurrencestyrelsen (2004), Ko
Page 277 and 278:
277 Meijiers and Romeim (2003) ―R
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279 OECD (1996), Innovative Policie
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281 Rappaport, J. and J. Sachs (200
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283 Statistics Denmark (2008) ―IN
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Territorial Review Copenhagen - Region Hovedstaden

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