Conducting a Participatory Situation Analysis of.pdf - Global HIV ...

Working Definitions
When developing the analysis protocol for data
collection methods, the Advisory Team must consider
and clarify the following terms based on
country context (Note: explanations offered are
illustrative).
Household: Group of people who share the
same space to sleep and share common meals;
and where there is caring for children below the
age of 18 (or otherwise defined by the Situation
Analysis Advisory Team) identified as OVC. (Note:
several households can exist under one roof.A
person living alone, or a group of unrelated people
sharing the same space to sleep and eat, such
as partners or roomers, is also counted as a
household.)
Orphan: Child 18 years or younger who has lost
his or her mother or father or both.
Vulnerable child: Child who is at increased risk
or whose well-being is significantly jeopardized
due to a terminally ill parent, high level of poverty,
abandonment, displacement, institutionalization, or
who is living in a household with orphaned children.Also,
child living with HIV or who is less
than 5 years of age born to a mother with HIV.
Primary caregiver: Person living in a household
who spends the most amount of time caring,
without being paid, for the welfare of children in
the household.
Head of household or guardian: Individual
with decision-making and/or financial management
responsibilities, including child-headed households.
• Make possible response lists exhaustive and exclusive.
• Do not ask two questions at once. For example,
“When did you leave school and start working for
the first time?” wrongly assumes that all respondents
stopped going to school before going to work for
the first time.
It is essential to pre-test survey instruments, even previously
used surveys, to adapt survey instruments to local
settings. Pre-testing involves translating the instruments
into local languages and using appropriate local terminology.
To test for both linguistic accuracy as well as
conceptual comprehension, all questions should be pretested
with target informants and, ideally, back-translated
into the original language. If questions in the back-translated
version do not mean the same thing as in the original
version, it is necessary to make adjustments to local
language translation. Translation and back-translation
make it possible to verify that every interviewer is asking
the same questions in every household.
It is common to pilot-test the survey procedures following
the pre-test. The pilot-test is an abbreviated version of the
actual survey that is conducted by situation analysis field
staff to simulate actual data collection procedures, but it
is carried out in an area that will not be included in the
sample. At the end of the simulation, team members are
debriefed on what went well and what could be improved
How does interviewing with structured questionnaires
work?
Quantitative interviewing relies on a uniform approach
and consistency. A detailed protocol maps out how
respondents are to be selected and exactly what set of
questions each respondent will be asked. Any variations
in the protocol will affect the data that are collected and,
ultimately, the findings. Interviewers must ask every
respondent the same questions in the same way. With a
pre-tested questionnaire in hand, the team of interviewer
and psychosocial support person (PSSP) should approach
every house as specified by the sampling methodology.
Quantitative methodology, from interviewing to data
analysis, must adhere to strict protocols with minimal, if
any, subjective action. All interviewers should carefully
follow the interviewer guidelines relating to consent and
sequence of questions. Team leaders and field supervisors
are responsible for quality control, such as ensuring that
questionnaires are completed. Data coding and data
entry must also not deviate from the protocol. It is this
ever-present consistency that makes quantitative data
valid, reliable, and generalizable. It is also why questionnaires
should be combined with more flexible data collection
methods that can deepen the meaning of the
standardized responses.
Sampling design
Interviewing based on structured questionnaires, as
presented in this Guide, requires a great deal of care to
identify the sample and specify the sampling design.
Doing so means that the results of these interviews will
be generally reliable and that the data can be compared
over time with some confidence.
The sample is the part of the population selected to
represent the whole population. Sampling design defines
the universe and domains for the survey, the sample size
requirements, the number and size of clusters or data
collection sites, and other major parts of the sampling
strategy.
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