building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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island is so out of control that it is closed from the outside and transformed in a giant penitentiary” 111 . Furthermore, Ilardi highlights the fact that one of the most widespread town planning models in the U.S.A. in the last decades is the CID, Common Interest development. “A series of agency put in touch a group of citizens with the same age, the same taste or who simply share the same idea of dwelling […] at that point they buy a plot of land and they privatise it” 112 . The idea of the Promised Land is reflected over time with more immediate and materialistic versions. These attempts establish a behaviour, which has to be interpreted as the umpteenth effort to repeat the utopian experiments of the nineteenth century, typical of the frontier era. However, together with the particular development model recalled by Ilardi, we have to remember those planning activities called CDP, census‐designated places, namely the radicalization and the establishment of the dream of equality. This generated models to organise urban space which, in reality, incorporated all the defects of the town, creating places that simply refused social dialectical skills by fancifully abolishing the problem. The urban shapes created by such settlements are limited to a few stereotyped, sometimes closed and militarized variations, very often dystopic, landscapes of the psyche and of the market more than of nature. The phenomenon of American antiurbanism is related to these contradictions in the relationship man‐nature‐city: it is not a simply opposition to urbanism but suggests particular forms of association and Weltanschauung. In his researches Michael J. Thompson shows how “antiurbanism is, then, a product not only of certain political and economic interests, it is also a product of certain forms of consciousness” 113 : more than an intellectual tradition or a conservative reaction to modernity product of the fear of city (and her life‐style). 111 ILARDI, Emiliano, La frontiera contro la metropoli; spazi, media e politica nell’ immaginario urbano americano, Napoli, Liguori Editore, 2010, p.73‐74 [English text translated by the editor from Italian] 112 Ibid. 113 THOMPSON, Michael J. (ed.), Fleeing the City. Studies in the Culture and Politics of Antiurbanism, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 12 67
At this point we should not be surprised by the film The Truman Show (1998), a refined American cinematographic production, which goes over and merges the themes of the gated communities with the equally relevant problems raised by the reality shows, to propose True‐man as protagonist, who is capable of showing the same non‐conformist reactions that stoked the souls of Thoreau or Whitman. A similar observation could be made that the film Into the Wild (2007) shows a true story, telling not only the real journey undertaken by the young protagonist towards the landscape of wilderness, but also a wider story, which begins with the vicissitudes of the pioneers and continues with the stories of true free spirits, such as Jack London and Jack Kerouac. In other words, the various concepts of nature as Eden or as wild lands have fired the deep‐set, American religious feeling for the landscape, with the contradictory results repeatedly mentioned previously. 68
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90: However, a grid configuration exten
Page 91 and 92: The lands freed from the American I
Page 93 and 94: In the centre of the town there wer
Page 95 and 96: the garden towns and of the satelli
Page 97 and 98: and pastoral life. The “middle la
Page 99 and 100: a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
Page 101 and 102: This idea of dedicating a circular
Page 103 and 104: Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108: Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
Page 109 and 110: Figure 52- The grid and the develop
Page 111 and 112: Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
Page 113 and 114: Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
Page 115 and 116: Mumford’s search for the characte
Page 117 and 118: the “revelation” can also be se
Page 119: The old vestiges of the town admire
Page 123 and 124: Economy was described by Charles No
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
Page 148 and 149: The “middle landscape” Close me
Page 150 and 151: the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
Page 152 and 153: Despite the fact that the pastoral
Page 154 and 155: Industrial America One’s‐Self I
Page 156 and 157: of a nineteenth century company‐t
Page 158 and 159: A large number of works and investm
Page 160 and 161: designing and constructing the firs
Page 162 and 163: Schinkel posed the question which s
Page 164 and 165: All the works came to the astronomi
Page 166 and 167: Whereas, the agricultural and comme
Page 168 and 169: Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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