building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted, Calvert Vaux, Central Park. Note the walkway for pedestrian, near the Lake and in foregorund the road for carriages (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.)
The Wilderness, The Westland and the Significance of the Frontier When Alexis de Tocqueville (1805‐1859) went to America in 1831 to carry out a survey on the American penitentiary and judiciary regime, many of the initiatives and experiments described in the preceding pages had not yet been completed. The first part of the account of his journey was published a few years later in his book De la démocratie en Amérique (1835). Tocqueville did not merely analyse the complexity of America, he also attempted to face his task with a modest spirit of comparison, by comparing the American institutions and context with similar French situations. Tocqueville saw a prevalently agrarian nation, in which the towns were scarcely populated and large areas were being colonised, as the United States had greatly expanded its territories, starting from the date of the Declaration of Independence. His careful study of the democratic institutions, the social policies in place and the culture of the period enabled him to put forward a few hypotheses regarding the future of the newly founded Republic. It was immediately clear to Tocqueville that the destiny of the American nation was to take “equality of conditions” to the lands of the Far West, to territories where objects and ideas could circulate freely. With great perspicacity Tocqueville observed the effects of the internal improvements [Figures 74‐81] and correctly prophesied a large increase in the population. He sensed the inhabitants’ commercial ambitions and summed up the striking features of those years in but a few words: “The post, that great instrument of intellectual intercourse, now reaches into the backwoods; and steamboats have established daily means of communication between the different points of the coast. An inland navigation of unexampled rapidity conveys commodities up and down the rivers of the country” 263 . Tocqueville had summarised the first immaterial and partly folklorist traits, which made up the landscape of the frontier. If the agricultural landscapes and the industrial economy of the water and woods period represented the effort to exploit the unexplored territories, the frontier was 263 TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de, De la democrazie en Amerique, Paris, 1835‐1840 (English translation by Henry Reeve, Democracy in America, New York, The Colonial Press, 1900, vol1, p. 411) (Italian translation La Democrazia in America, edited by Giorgio Candeloro, Milano, Rizzoli, 2010, p. 380) 163
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
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Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
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Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
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Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
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Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
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Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
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Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
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Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
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Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
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Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
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However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Page 228 and 229: convinced many architects to dedica
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Page 232 and 233: architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
Page 234 and 235: Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237: Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238: Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242: Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244: Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
Page 245 and 246: Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
Page 247 and 248: Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249: Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
Page 252 and 253: Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
Page 254 and 255: Figure 115- The situation before Do
Page 256 and 257: Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
Page 258 and 259: Landscape as a principle of urban p
Page 260 and 261: and did not come up to the expectat
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Page 266 and 267: of his two sons and of Charles Elio
Page 268 and 269: Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271: Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
Page 274 and 275: the true “line” of change. The
Page 276 and 277: Association, during the World’s C
Page 278 and 279: to its interpretation, which would
Page 280 and 281: means of transport allowed to come
Page 282 and 283: danger. This reasoning gave rise to
Page 284 and 285: The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287: Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289: Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291: Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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Page 294 and 295: Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297: ‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299: 1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301: 1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303: 1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305: DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307: MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309: WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311: O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313: CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315: Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317: dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319: PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321: TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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