building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Agricultural America The English colonial period had seen the affirmation of a mercantilist system, based on the commercial exchanges by sea between the homeland and the new lands. Thanks to the shipping companies, this merchant system had had a success over the years, based on a structure of subordination of the colonization policies 27 to this particular scheme. The machine of economic development in the territory also assisted to a certain extent the exploitation and the exports of primary, natural resources on the model of the theories of economists such as Thomas Mun 28 . With Independence (1776), following the end of the revolutionary years (1775‐1783), the mercantilist system was quickly put to one side in favour of economic models intended to avoid the exploitation and impoverishment of internal resources. The demands for change and the studies aiming to search for a possibility of economic reform were outlined by Alexander Hamilton, a conservative politician nominated first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (in office from 1789 to 1795) by Washington. Hamilton was at first committed to drafting two Reports on the Public Credit (1790) and to reorganizing the tax and public debt systems. Then he fought to establish a national central bank called the First Bank of the United State, which was approved by Congress in 1791 after lengthy controversies by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who saw in the central bank the consolidation of a restricted group of investors at the expense of the majority of the population. Besides, Jefferson’s idea of an America committed to agriculture, fired by the revolutionary ideals of the newly‐born Republic and described in the aforementioned Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), was soon undermined by the technological revolution, which highlighted how backward the agricultural system of the South of the United States had been since the years following the Civil War (1861‐1865). 27 Think of the Virginia Act of 1622, The Town Act of 1662 and subsequent measures during the colonial years 28 Thomas Mun (1571‐1641) His works: A discourse of Trade from England unto East Indies (1621) and England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (published in 1664 by his son) 21
Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures (1791) is the programmatic document of the opposition to that well‐rooted economy in the new American Nation, which hinged on land rents and on agricultural investments. As the main circumstances in favour of industrialization (protective prices, premiums and subsidies to favour private initiative, the introduction of new labour via immigration, the division of work, etc.) were identified, the report insisted mainly on the political arguments, proposing a doctrine of free‐trade, which intended to stimulate the commercial elements of the Northern States. Historic events have demonstrated Hamilton’s extreme farsightedness in imagining a modern, capitalistic economy, but they have also highlighted the total indifference to a uniform implementation of such demands in the different States of the Union. The idea according to which “Whatever, besides, tends to diminish in any country the number of artificers and manufacturers, tends to diminish the home market, the most important of all markets for the rude produce of the land, and thereby still further to discourage agriculture” 29 could be true in the East, where the harsh climate, the not particularly fertile lands and the limited availability of agricultural soil had favoured a scientific approach to crops. In the East it was customary to take advantage of crop rotation and to make use of fertilizers; in the South, on the other hand, the abundance of fertile soil and the more massive use of slavery had favoured an intensive agriculture based on exploitation of the soil, cultivated mainly with tobacco, sugar cane and cotton 30 . Eugene Genovese, a scholar of policies linked to slavery, analysed the economic limits of such practices: The weakest economic point in the South lay in the low productivity of its workforce. The slaves’ work was mediocre. Strict surveillance made it possible to make them work reasonably well in the cotton fields, but the cost of such surveillance during one or two operations was prohibitive. Slavery hindered the radical process to update technology, which could have substantially increased productivity. These obstacles to technological progress caused irreparable damage to agriculture in the South, as it was precisely the improvement of tools and machinery 29 SMITH, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Forgotten Books, 2008 (first ed. 1776), p. 521 30 To study in depth: GRAY, Lewis Cecil, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933 22
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Building the American Landscape. Te
Page 6 and 7: The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The purpose of this re
Page 10 and 11: of the issue of the landscape desig
Page 12 and 13: especially, during which the intere
Page 14 and 15: We have tried to do so by suggestin
Page 16 and 17: colonial settlements were never an
Page 18 and 19: continued. Under Governor Benjamin
Page 20 and 21: Nature, agriculture and the languag
Page 22 and 23: adopted by Jefferson as an architec
Page 24 and 25: as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
Page 26 and 27: assessments made with measurements
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
Page 30 and 31: 780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
Page 32 and 33: Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
Page 34 and 35: Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 36 and 37: Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
Page 40 and 41: which definitely contributed to the
Page 42 and 43: legal and commercial documents comp
Page 44 and 45: overlooking the garden and the road
Page 46 and 47: The structure was the result of the
Page 48 and 49: destroyed during the Civil War, bec
Page 50 and 51: would be turning backward to the Ke
Page 52 and 53: Jefferson, who considered himself a
Page 54 and 55: the world. Americans are the wester
Page 56 and 57: (1736‐1784), the founder of the s
Page 58 and 59: Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
Page 60 and 61: which displayed hundreds of pieces
Page 62 and 63: landscapes and of the towns themsel
Page 64 and 65: Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
Page 66 and 67: Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
Page 68 and 69: Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90:
However, a grid configuration exten
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The lands freed from the American I
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In the centre of the town there wer
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the garden towns and of the satelli
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and pastoral life. The “middle la
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a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
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This idea of dedicating a circular
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Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
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Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
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Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
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Figure 52- The grid and the develop
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Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
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Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
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Mumford’s search for the characte
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the “revelation” can also be se
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The old vestiges of the town admire
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At this point we should not be surp
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Economy was described by Charles No
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Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
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He purchased 90 acres of land, but
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the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
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Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
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garden, much frequented, especially
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Several architects of the twentieth
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the unusual character of the place:
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Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
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Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
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Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
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Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
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The “middle landscape” Close me
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the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
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Despite the fact that the pastoral
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Industrial America One’s‐Self I
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of a nineteenth century company‐t
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A large number of works and investm
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designing and constructing the firs
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Schinkel posed the question which s
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All the works came to the astronomi
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Whereas, the agricultural and comme
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Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
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sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
Page 222 and 223:
Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
Page 224 and 225:
At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
Page 238:
Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
Page 249:
Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
Page 288 and 289:
Figure 132- “All the West going f
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
Page 296 and 297:
‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
Page 298 and 299:
1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
Page 300 and 301:
1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
Page 302 and 303:
1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
Page 304 and 305:
DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
Page 306 and 307:
MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
Page 308 and 309:
WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
Page 310 and 311:
O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
Page 312 and 313:
CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
Page 314 and 315:
Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
Page 316 and 317:
dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
Page 318 and 319:
PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
Page 320 and 321:
TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
Page 322 and 323:
1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
Page 324 and 325:
SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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