building the american landscape - Univerza v Novi Gorici

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Utopian experiments and perspective Eden The idealization of biblical origin was followed by numerous episodes of settlement and urbanization of the wild lands. As already mentioned in previous paragraphs, America attracted a countless variety of reformers, persecuted people and fanatics. The first to search for utopia were the Huguenots, French Protestants who started to settle in America from the second half of the sixteenth century, creating communities together with other victims of religious persecution, such as the Brownists and Puritans or French Walloons. In 1741, the Moravians founded Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and other settlements inspired by it (Nazareth in 1742 and Lititz in 1757), all featuring a building called Gemeinhaus. In city of Bethlehem, as Reps claimed, "designed as a community center, this building also served as a church, town hall, hospice and office for church affairs. Two years later a large dormitory for single men was built, several small houses were completed, and gradually the town began to take form” 114 . The Lutherans also began to build numerous settlements. In 1803, a group from a small dissident sect, the Harmony Society led by George Rapp (1757‐1847), founded the first Lutheran settlement called Harmony, a simple checkerboard surrounded by 5,000 acres of land in Western Pennsylvania. Later, with the arrival of new settlers, they decided to move, after having sold the land in 1814 and founded the thriving community of New Harmony on land more suitable for agriculture along the Wabash River in Indiana. However, in 1825 the Harmonists decided to sell their properties to Robert Owen (1771‐1858) and founded the town of Economy in Pennsylvania [Figure 57]. These three Harmonist towns are strictly linked with water, as they were built close to rivers. From a town planning point of view, they have no elements of particular interest. However, the unusual relationship established between architecture and the green spaces was unusual. 114 REPS, John William, Town Planning in Frontier America, Princeton, University Press, 1965, p. 391 (Italian translation by M. Terni, S. Magistretti, La costruzione dell’ America urbana; introduction by Francesco Dal Co, Milano: Franco Angeli, 1976, p. 323) 69
Economy was described by Charles Nordhoff in his book The Communistic Societies of the United States (1875) as a small charming village devoted to breeding the silkworm: The vicinity to Pittsburgh, and cheap water communication, encouraged them in manufacturing. Economy lay upon the main stage‐road, and was thus an important and presently a favorite stopping ‐ place; the colonists found kindly neighbors; there was sufficient young blood in the community to give enterprise and strength; and " we sang songs every day, and had music every evening," said old Mr. Keppler to me, recounting the glories of those days. They erected woolen and cotton mills, a grist‐mill and saw‐mill; they planted orchards and vineyards; they began the culture of silk, and with such success that soon the Sunday dress of men as well as women was of silk, grown, reeled, spun, and woven by themselves. 115 In describing the village, situated in a place sheltered from the cold winter winds, Nordhoff spoke of the trees, which had been deliberately planted along the river, and described the plain but pleasant houses, each with a garden. But he also dwelt on one significant detail: “The houses, substantially built but unpretentious, are beautified by a singular arrangement of grape‐vines, which are trained to espaliers fixed to cover the space between the top of the lower and the bottom of the upper windows. This manner of training vines gives the town quite a peculiar look, as though the houses had been crowned with green” 116 . He was so impressed by the integration of greenery in the façades of the buildings, that he highlighted the effect in the illustrations in the chapter concerning the Harmonists [Figure 57]. Simple pruning of the vines with some anchorage to the wall enabled the plants to form a natural cover to the house, where small birds frequently made their nests. The industrious inhabitants of Economy had used limited means to obtain an effect, sought nowadays by many trendsetting architects with the help of specialist consultants. Neither the sophisticated substrata of contemporary vertical walls, nor the complicated irrigation systems may be 115 NORDHOFF, Charles, The Communistic Societies of the United States, from personal visit and observation, London, John Murray, 1875, p.77 116 Ibid. p. 64 (this second quotation is also in Reps, Town Planning in Frontier America, with other sentences previously taken from Nordhoff’s book, but Reps does not comment on landscape) 70
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Building the American Landscape. Te
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The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1
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Introduction The purpose of this re
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of the issue of the landscape desig
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especially, during which the intere
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We have tried to do so by suggestin
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colonial settlements were never an
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continued. Under Governor Benjamin
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Nature, agriculture and the languag
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adopted by Jefferson as an architec
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as workshops. Downhill from the Mul
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assessments made with measurements
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Figure 2- Monticello West Elevation
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780 THOMAS JEFFERSON'S MONTICELLO L
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Figure 8- Monticello: 3rd roundabou
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Figure 11- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Figure 12- Thomas Jefferson‘s Gar
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Agricultural America The English co
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which definitely contributed to the
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legal and commercial documents comp
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overlooking the garden and the road
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The structure was the result of the
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destroyed during the Civil War, bec
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would be turning backward to the Ke
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Jefferson, who considered himself a
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the world. Americans are the wester
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(1736‐1784), the founder of the s
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Tidy, mainly horizontal, board fenc
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which displayed hundreds of pieces
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landscapes and of the towns themsel
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Figure 14- Certifi ed copy (1808) o
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Figure 16- Origins of plantation ho
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Figure 19- Uncle Sam (Constancia) P
Page 71 and 72: Figures 21/21.1- The plantation lan
Page 73 and 74: Figure 24- Live Oaks along the entr
Page 75 and 76: Figure 26- Pricipal facade from the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 29- Plan Scheme of Poplar Fo
Page 79 and 80: Figure 33- Jefferson’s 1809 Popla
Page 81 and 82: Figure 35- Diagram of the south par
Page 83 and 84: Figure 37- Shaker Village, Berkshir
Page 85 and 86: Figure 41-Shaker Church Family Roun
Page 87 and 88: Figure 43- The snake fences in Yate
Page 89 and 90: However, a grid configuration exten
Page 91 and 92: The lands freed from the American I
Page 93 and 94: In the centre of the town there wer
Page 95 and 96: the garden towns and of the satelli
Page 97 and 98: and pastoral life. The “middle la
Page 99 and 100: a tree, and each "leaf" encloses do
Page 101 and 102: This idea of dedicating a circular
Page 103 and 104: Figure 45- The grid: Clarck County,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 47- The grid system (Land Su
Page 107 and 108: Figure 50- Frank Lloyd Wright, Broa
Page 109 and 110: Figure 52- The grid and the develop
Page 111 and 112: Figure 54- Frederick Law Olmsted, R
Page 113 and 114: Figure 56- Frank Lloyd Wright, Park
Page 115 and 116: Mumford’s search for the characte
Page 117 and 118: the “revelation” can also be se
Page 119 and 120: The old vestiges of the town admire
Page 121: At this point we should not be surp
Page 125 and 126: Among the 41 Fourier‐type communi
Page 127 and 128: He purchased 90 acres of land, but
Page 129 and 130: the Shakers. After an 1842 visit to
Page 131 and 132: Settlements, such as Vineland (1861
Page 133 and 134: garden, much frequented, especially
Page 135 and 136: Several architects of the twentieth
Page 137 and 138: the unusual character of the place:
Page 139 and 140: Figure 57- Views of Community of Ec
Page 141 and 142: Figure 59- Right. Anaheim Plan and
Page 143 and 144: Figure 61- Sketch by Joseph Smith,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 63- Mormon town-planning. Bi
Page 148 and 149: The “middle landscape” Close me
Page 150 and 151: the large whitewashed factory>>. Th
Page 152 and 153: Despite the fact that the pastoral
Page 154 and 155: Industrial America One’s‐Self I
Page 156 and 157: of a nineteenth century company‐t
Page 158 and 159: A large number of works and investm
Page 160 and 161: designing and constructing the firs
Page 162 and 163: Schinkel posed the question which s
Page 164 and 165: All the works came to the astronomi
Page 166 and 167: Whereas, the agricultural and comme
Page 168 and 169: Furthermore, the Erie Canal was a p
Page 170 and 171: sailed downstream in 30. 180 Fulton
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on foot and on horseback animate th
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non‐existent places, such as rive
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Bridge is a good example of the ind
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job of Pony Express. They confirmed
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countryside” 196 . Moreover, the
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Figure 69- The industrial change of
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Figure 71- Birds’ eye view of New
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Figure 74- The map shows character
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Figure 76- Articifi al landscape of
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Figure 80- The natural landscape an
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Figure 82- Pioneer family in front
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Figure 85- Roads and fences in Wino
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Figure 87- John Augustus Roebling:T
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arrels of pork meat>>, often approv
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1845), he incited the United States
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Manifest Destiny began the period o
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First experiences of landscape gard
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In designs for a pleasure‐ground,
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By irony of fate, the first Preside
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construction, deriving from the bal
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was to be clarified during the firs
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Olmsted was particularly impressed
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The search for an ancient landscape
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country, enabled Hotchkiss to becom
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The prospects and developments of t
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Despite the fact that Loudon knew o
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At the same time, studies attempted
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compared to that of John Claudius L
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convinced many architects to dedica
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estricted to his theoretical works.
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architecture. Davis’ landscapes f
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Figure 89- Mount Airy Plantation (C
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Figure 91- Mount Vernon Plantation,
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Figure 93- Plan scheme of the Jeffe
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Figure 97- Thomas Jefferson-View of
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Figure 100- Henry Alexander Scammel
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Figure 102- Almerin Hotchkiss: Bell
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Figure 105- John Claudius Loudon’
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Figure 108- Above: Plan of a common
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Figure 113- Andrew Jackson Downing,
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Figure 115- The situation before Do
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Figure 118- Alexander Jackson Davis
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Landscape as a principle of urban p
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and did not come up to the expectat
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Vaux complemented Olmsted, he had a
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landscape designer could intensify
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of his two sons and of Charles Elio
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Figure 122- Right: Frederick Law Ol
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Figure 124- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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Figure 127- Frederick Law Olmsted,
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the true “line” of change. The
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Association, during the World’s C
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to its interpretation, which would
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means of transport allowed to come
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danger. This reasoning gave rise to
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The Wilderness and the frontier, de
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Figure 129- The Food of our Youth (
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Figure 132- “All the West going f
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Figure 134- A pile of American Biso
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conscience, to which the mass media
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Chronological Table -Events related
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‐J. Winkelmann: Alte Denkmäler d
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1821 ‐Canal Eire from Albany, NY,
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1846 ‐J. Roebling: Suspension bri
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1872 ‐Yellowstone National Park:
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DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, The Fruits
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MORSE, F.B. Samuel, Lectures on the
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WOODWARD, George Eveston and F.W.,
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O’SULLIVAN, John Louis, “Annexa
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CIUCCI Giorgio, DAL CO Francesco, M
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Ingraham, Karl Kamrath, Elizabeth K
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dei timidi, introduzione di Gianni
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PECK, Amelia (ed.), Alexander Jacks
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TEYSSOT, George (ed.), The American
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1997), Association of Collegiate Sc
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SEGAL, Howard P., (review by) “Le
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